Ta yaya 3D bugu yake aiki?

Ɗayan hanyar masana'anta ƙari shine bugu na 3D. Yana da ''ƙari'' domin kawai yana tarawa da haɗa nau'ikan abu don ƙirƙirar ainihin abubuwa maimakon buƙatar toshe na abu ko mold. Yana iya gina mafi rikitarwa geometries fiye da fasahar "na al'ada", sau da yawa sauri, yana da ƙayyadaddun farashin saiti, kuma yana aiki tare da kewayon kayan haɓaka. Sashin injiniya yana yin amfani da shi sosai, musamman lokacin yin samfuri da haɓaka ƙananan geometrium.

Ƙarfafa masana'anta da bugu na 3D

Kalmar "bugu na 3D" ana danganta shi akai-akai da al'adun masu ƙirƙira, masu son da kuma masu sha'awar sha'awa, firintocin tebur, dabarun bugu kamar FDM, da kayayyaki marasa tsada kamar ABS da PLA. Wannan wani bangare ne saboda firintocin tebur masu araha waɗanda suka fito daga motsi na RepRap, irin su MakerBot na asali da Ultimaker, waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka bugu na 3D da haɓaka bugu na 3D na 2009.

Fasahar Buga 3D: Makomar Ƙirƙirar Ƙira

3Dbugutarihi

Kayayyakin bugu na 3D sun fara a cikin 1970s. A cikin 1981, masanin kimiyyar Jafananci Dokta Kodama, wanda shine farkon wanda ya bayyana hanyar samar da bugu na Layer-by-Layer, ya gwada bugu na 3D, kuma da kansa ya ƙirƙiri fasahar bugu na SLA (stereolithography) 3D-resin resin polymerized ta hasken ultraviolet.

Bayan 'yan shekaru, masanin kimiyya na Amurka Charles Hull ya gudanar da bincike mai zurfi game da fasahar SLA, kuma ya ƙaddamar da takardar shaidar SLA ta farko a 1986. Kafa 3D Systems kuma ya fitar da samfurin kasuwanci na farko, SLA-1, a cikin 1988. (hoton da ke ƙasa)

Ana iya cewa SLA ita ce farkon haɓakar fasahar bugu na 3D, don haka yaushe SLS (Zaɓi Laser Sintering) da FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) suka yi daga baya.

A cikin 1988, Ba'amurke Carl Deckard ya ba da izinin fasahar SLS a Jami'ar Texas, wanda wata dabara ce ta bugu ta 3D wacce Laser a cikin gida ke haɗa ƙwayoyin foda tare don bugawa. A cikin wannan shekarar, Scott Crump, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Stratasys, ya nemi takardar izini don ƙirar ƙira ta Fused Deposition (FDM). Daga 1980 zuwa 1990, manyan fasahohin fasaha guda uku na bugu na 3D duk sun kasance masu haƙƙin mallaka, wanda ke nuna farkon lokacin ci gaba cikin sauri a wannan masana'antar. .

A cikin Turai, EOS GmbH ya ƙirƙiri tsarin ƙira don bugu na 3D: tsarin Stereos. A yau, samfuransa na 3D da aka buga a cikin masana'antar masana'antu ana amfani da su a duk duniya don fasahar bugu na SLS 3D (Selective Laser Sintering) don robobi da karafa da aka gane a ciki.

A cikin 1992, FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) 3D bugu fasaha ikon mallaka Stratasys, wanda ya ɓullo da 3D printers don saduwa da daban-daban bukatun na da yawa kwararru da kuma daidaikun mutane.

Daga 1993 zuwa 1999, fasaha daban-daban sun bayyana a cikin masana'antar buga 3D. A lokaci guda kuma, an ƙara haɓaka sabbin software na CAD, da software na ƙirar ƙirar 3D, misali, Sanders Prototype (wanda yanzu ake kira Solidscape) wanda shine ɗaya daga cikin mahalarta na farko da aka ƙirƙira.

3D bugu Multi-filaye aikace-aikace

A cikin 2008, na farko na 3D-bugu na prosthetic ya fito, wanda ya kara yawan rabon bugun 3D a cikin kafofin watsa labarai. Mutane sun gano cewa bugu na 3D ba zai iya buga sassa na gargajiya kawai ba amma kuma ana iya amfani da shi don gyaran jikin ɗan adam. Wannan aikin bugu na 3D mai ban mamaki na likitanci ya haɗu da duk sassan jikin jiki kuma ana iya buga shi "kamar yadda yake" ba tare da wani taro na gaba ba. A yau, haɗe da 3D scanning, 3D bugu na likita prostheses, da orthotics suna samun rahusa da sauri don saduwa da bukatun marasa lafiya. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan prostheses suna ƙara ingantawa kuma sun dace da ilimin halittar mara lafiya. Buga 3D yana kawo sabbin damammaki don keɓanta jama'a. (kara hoto)

2009 ita ce shekarar da FDM patents suka shiga filin amfani da jama'a, wanda ya buɗe sabuwar hanya don haɓaka haɓakar firintocin FDM 3D. Yayin da farashin firintocin 3D ya ragu, mutane da yawa sun sami damar mai da hankali kan ci gaban masana'antar buga 3D.

A cikin 2013, Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ya ambaci bugu na 3D a cikin adireshinsa na Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai a matsayin babban yanayin samarwa na gaba, yana mai da "Buga 3D" ya zama cikakkiyar kalma. Yanzu, matsayinsa a cikin tunanin jama'a ya shahara sosai. Ƙarin ƙananan kamfanoni da matsakaitan kamfanoni suna cin gajiyar ƙirar ƙira mai sauƙi da aka samar ta hanyar bugu na 3D, suna haɗa shi gaba ɗaya cikin haɓakawa, haɓakawa da ayyukan samarwa.

3D bugu ra'ayi mota

Dangane da aikace-aikacen gine-gine, gidajen buga 3D yanzu sun zama gaskiya. Mutane sun koma cikin gidajen buga 3D a karon farko a cikin 2018. Gidan yana da yanki na ƙafar murabba'in 1022, wanda ke da sauƙin rayuwa. An ɗauki jimlar kwana biyu ana bugawa.

Tsarin rarrabuwa na bugu na 3D akan kamanceceniya da bambance-bambance tsakanin masana'anta da bugu na 3D

Ɗauki ƙwallon da aka fashe a matsayin misali. Akwai furanni sama da goma sha biyu a saman. Idan aka sarrafa ta ta hanyar injinan gargajiya, zai zama da wahala sosai, kuma dole ne a canza salo ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Kuma idan ka zaɓi bugu na 3D, babu ɓarna na kayan, don haka yana da suna da ake kira ƙari masana'anta, wanda ke nufin cewa ana amfani da hanyar tara kayan a hankali don kera sassan jiki. Hanyar gargajiya ita ce yin amfrayo da farko, sannan a cire abin da ya wuce gona da iri, sauran kayan kuma shine siffar da ake bukata. Idan an gano matsala, ya zama dole a buɗe wani mold kuma a gyara shi; yayin da 3D bugu yana amfani da kaɗan da ɗan tara kayan abu, zaku iya ganin samfurin da aka gama da sauri.

Fahimtar fasahar bugu 3D

Ana amfani da fasahar bugu na 3D don samar da masana'antu. Abin da bugu na 3D ya buƙaci amfani da shi ba abu na zahiri ba ne, amma ƙirar dijital. Idan kana son buga ainihin abin da ke gabanka na 3D, to dole ne ka yi amfani da kwamfuta wajen tsara ta, ko kuma amfani da na’urar daukar hoto ta 3D don digitize ainihin abin, wato samfurin 3D, kuma za ka iya fitar da abubuwa cikin mintuna goma sha biyar. A halin yanzu, fasahar bugun 3D ta kasu zuwa manyan rukunai huɗu: FDM, DLP/SLA, da SLS.

SLS-- Laser sintering gyare-gyaren tsari

SLS foda ne mai inganci mai inganci wanda ke narkewa a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai zafi na iska mai iska. Yada wani Layer na bakin ciki foda a kan workbench, da kuma duba giciye-sashe na Layer tare da Laser katako don tada zafin jiki zuwa narkewa batu, don gane sintering da bonding, maimaita foda yada, sintering, nika, da bushewa har sai da model an kafa. A zahiri, bugu na 3D shine bugu na 2D akai-akai. Idan ka yanki abu sirara sosai, za ka ga kowane yanki yana da siffa. Idan kun haɗa dukkan sifofi tare, kuna samun abu mai girma uku. Don haka muna amfani da laser don zana hotuna. Juriya na SLS gyare-gyaren sassa zuwa yanayi (zazzabi, zafi, da lalata sinadarai) yayi kama da na kayan thermoplastic; yayin da juriya na sassan gyare-gyaren SLA ba su da ƙarancin ƙarancin gaske, alal misali, kayan aikin SLA da aka ƙera tare da resin epoxy suna da sauƙi ga danshi da sinadarai. Lalacewa, zai yi laushi kuma zai yi yaƙi a cikin yanayi sama da 38 ° C, amma daidaiton ƙima yana da girma.

SLA --Stereolithography gyare-gyaren tsari

SLA fasaha ce mai warkar da haske, wacce aka inganta sosai a kasar Sin a halin yanzu. "Stereolithography" shi ne lokacin da Laser katako ya zayyana farkon Layer siffar abu a kan surface na ruwa guduro, sa'an nan kuma samar da dandamali saukar da wani wani nisa (tsakanin 0.05-0.025mm), sa'an nan da solidified Layer aka nutsar a cikin ruwa guduro, da sauransu. Gudun da aka yi amfani da shi shi ne resin mai ɗaukar hoto, wanda zai samar da yanayi mai ƙarfi bayan an haskaka shi ta hanyar katako na Laser, kuma ƙirar ƙirar yana da sauri kuma daidai.

DLP - stereolithography gyare-gyaren tsari

DLP dijital haske sarrafa, aka sani da Laser siffata fasaha. Fasahar bugu na DLP 3D yana da kamanceceniya da yawa tare da fasahar bugun SLA 3D. Idan aka kwatanta samarwa da zana da'ira tare da fensir, to fasahar SLA tana daidai da zana Layer ta Layer, yayin da DLP yayi daidai da yin tambari kai tsaye. Samar da tarin yawa da muke bi yana da mahimman abubuwa guda biyu, ɗayan inganci, ɗayan kuma tsadar kayan aiki. Akwai na'urar buga waya ta 3D da ke iya bugawa sau ɗari da sauri fiye da masana'anta na gargajiya, wato fasahar fuska da fuska, wanda wani kamfani a Shenzhen, Light Prism Technology ya ƙera. Yana ɗaukar sa'o'i 2-5 don buga ƙwallon ƙwanƙwasa tare da bugun FDM 3D na gargajiya, kuma yana ɗaukar sa'a guda a cikin sauri, amma yana ɗaukar kusan mintuna 10 kawai don bugawa tare da sabuwar fasahar fuska da fuska. Gudun bugawa yana da ban mamaki. Da zarar wannan bugu na 3D yana kan kasuwa, Tasiri kan sana'o'in gargajiya har yanzu yana da kyau.

FDM --Tsarin Gyaran Jiki Mai Fused

Idan aka kwatanta da fasahar DLP da SLS, fasahar FDM tana da sauƙin sauƙi, don haka tana da yawan jama'a kuma tana da sauƙin shiga iyali. An gina samfurin kai tsaye daga bayanan 3D CAD ta hanyar amfani da kayan thermoplastic da za a fitar da su a cikin filament mai ƙyalƙyali, wanda aka ajiye a kan Layer-by-Layer. Fa'idodin fasahar FDM sune tsarin injiniya mai sauƙi, ƙira mai sauƙi, ƙarancin masana'anta, farashin kulawa da farashin kayan aiki, kuma babu gurɓata yanayi. Saboda haka, FDM kuma ita ce fasahar da aka fi amfani da ita a cikin firintocin 3D na gida. Hanyar bugawa ce ta al'ada, wacce ba ta amfani da Laser kuma tana da ƙarancin farashi, amma daidaiton ba shi da girma kuma saurin bugun yana jinkiri sosai. Wannan ita ce hanya mafi dacewa ga kowa da kowa, kuma ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya a kasuwar ilimi.

Tasirin Buga na 3D akan Masana'antu da Sana'ar Gargajiya

Amfanin 3D bugu

(1) Daidaitawa

Ɗaukar Dentistry a matsayin misali, kowa da kowa ta hakora daban-daban, amma 3D bugu iya warware sabani tsakanin musamman samar da taro samar, da kuma taro samar da musamman implants, braces, da dai sauransu.

(2) samfurin ainihin lokaci

Saboda saurin bugu na 3D, mai zanen ya kera nau'in samfurin da safe, sannan shugaban zai iya ganin samfurin da aka gama da tsakar rana, sannan ya zana wani nau'in da karfe 6 na yamma, kuma zai iya ganin samfurin da aka gama a washegari, wanda ke hanzarta haɓaka sabbin samfuran sauri. Idan ba mai rikitarwa ba ne musamman, bugu na 3D na iya samar da samfuran da aka gama a cikin sa'o'i 3, yayin da tabbacin gargajiya yana ɗaukar makonni 4-6 kowane lokaci, don haka ana haɓaka saurin ƙirar masana'antu gaba ɗaya.

(3)Babu gurbacewa

 Tun da albarkatun da aka samar duk suna da alaƙa da muhalli, duk aikin samarwa shine samarwa mara gurbatawa. Babu gurbacewar iskar gas da ruwan sharar gida, kuma babu barnar kayan da suka rage.

(4) Bayanan Bayani

Lokacin da likitan haƙori na dijital ya balaga, buƙatun fasaha don likitoci za a rage su sosai. Marasa lafiya kawai suna buƙatar amfani da kayan aikin don bincikar mintuna biyu a asibiti, kuma suna iya sanin musabbabin da mafita na duk matsalolin hakori.

Bugu da kari, 3D bugu kuma za a iya amfani da orthodontics, bugu na keɓaɓɓen kuma na musamman m braces. Yayin tiyatar filastik, ya kamata hakora su motsa zuwa hagu ko gaba? millimeters nawa don motsawa? A baya, tiyatar hakori ya dogara ne kawai akan kwarewar likita, amma likitan haƙori na dijital ya ƙara kwanciyar hankali na aikin kuma ya saukar da matakin fasaha ga likitoci.

(5) Azumi

 Idan aka kwatanta da tsarin masana'antu na gargajiya, bugu na 3D baya buƙatar shirye-shirye na farko kamar ƙarfin aiki da sufuri. Yana buƙatar injuna da albarkatun ƙasa kawai, kuma ana iya saka shi cikin sauri.

(6) Automation

 Ana iya cewa firintar 3D guda ɗaya ce tsakanin tunanin kama-da-wane da ainihin abu. Samar da maɓalli ɗaya na bugu na 3D yana adana yawan kuɗin aiki da kurakuran ɗan adam.