Pehea ka paʻi 3D?

ʻO kekahi ʻano hana hoʻohui ʻia ʻo ka paʻi 3D. He "hoʻohui" ʻo ia e hoʻopaʻa wale a hoʻohui i nā ʻāpana o nā mea e hana ai i nā mea maoli ma mua o ka pono ʻana i kahi poloka o nā mea a i ʻole ka ʻōpala. Hiki iā ia ke kūkulu i nā geometries ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o nā ʻenehana "maʻamau", wikiwiki pinepine, loaʻa nā kumukūʻai hoʻonohonoho paʻa, a hana pū me nā mea e ulu mau ana. Hoʻohana nui ka ʻenehana ʻenehana iā ia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka prototyping a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā geometries māmā.

ʻO ka hana hoʻohui a me ka paʻi 3D

Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "paʻi 3D" i ka moʻomeheu hana, nā mea hoʻomaka a me nā mea hoihoi, nā paʻi papapihi, nā ʻenehana paʻi hiki ke loaʻa e like me FDM, a me nā mea kūʻai ʻole e like me ABS a me PLA. ʻO kēia kekahi ma muli o nā mea paʻi paʻi kiʻi kūpono i puka mai i ka neʻe ʻana o RepRap, e like me ka MakerBot mua a me Ultimaker, i kōkua i ka democratization o ka paʻi 3D a me ka boom paʻi 3D 2009.

ʻenehana paʻi 3D: ʻo ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka hana hou

3Dpaʻi ʻanamōʻaukala

Hoʻomaka nā huahana manaʻo paʻi 3D i ka makahiki 1970. I ka makahiki 1981, ua ho'āʻo ka ʻepekema Kepani ʻo Dr. Kodama, ʻo ia ka mea mua i wehewehe i ke ʻano o ka paʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka paʻi paʻi ʻana, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia i ka paʻi 3D, a hana pilikino i ka SLA (stereolithography) 3D paʻi ʻenehana-photosensitive resin polymerized e ke kukui ultraviolet.

He mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua alakaʻi ka ʻepekema ʻAmelika ʻo Charles Hull i ka noiʻi hohonu e pili ana i ka ʻenehana o SLA, a hāʻawi i ka patent mua o SLA ma 1986. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo 3D Systems a hoʻokuʻu i kā lākou huahana kālepa mua, ka SLA-1, ma 1988. (kiʻi ma lalo)

Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo SLA ʻo ia ka ʻenehana paʻi 3D mua loa i kūkulu ʻia, no laila i ka wā i hana ai ʻo SLS (Selective Laser Sintering) a me FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) ma hope.

I ka makahiki 1988, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo Carl Deckard ʻAmelika i ka ʻenehana SLS ma ke Kulanui o Texas, ʻo ia kekahi ʻenehana paʻi 3D kahi e hoʻopili ai ka laser i nā ʻāpana pauka e paʻi. I kēlā makahiki hoʻokahi, ua noi ʻo Scott Crump, kekahi o nā mea nāna i hoʻokumu i Stratasys, no kahi patent no ka fused deposition modeling (FDM). Mai 1980 a 1990, ua patent ʻia nā ʻenehana nui ʻekolu o ka paʻi 3D, e hōʻailona ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi manawa o ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana i kēia ʻoihana. .

Ma ʻEulopa, ua hoʻokumu ʻo EOS GmbH i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻolālā no ka paʻi 3D: ʻo ka Stereos".

I ka makahiki 1992, ua ʻae ʻia ka patent ʻenehana paʻi 3D FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) e Stratasys, nāna i hoʻomohala i nā mea paʻi 3D e hoʻokō i nā pono like ʻole o nā poʻe loea a me nā kānaka.

Mai 1993 a 1999, ua puka mai nā ʻenehana like ʻole i ka ʻoihana paʻi 3D. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā polokalamu CAD hou a me nā polokalamu hoʻohālike 3D, no ka laʻana, Sanders Prototype (kapa ʻia ʻo Solidscape) ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea komo mua i hana.

3D paʻi ʻana i nā palapala noi he nui

I ka makahiki 2008, ua puka mai ka prosthetic paʻi 3D mua, a ua hoʻonui hou i ka māhele o ka paʻi 3D i ka media. Ua ʻike ka poʻe ʻaʻole hiki i ka paʻi 3D ke paʻi wale i nā ʻāpana kuʻuna akā pili pū kekahi i ka hoʻoponopono kino kanaka. Hoʻohui kēia papahana paʻi lāʻau lapaʻau 3D i nā ʻāpana āpau o kahi lālā ola a hiki ke paʻi ʻia "e like me" me ka ʻole o ka hui hou ʻana. I kēia lā, hui pū ʻia me 3D scanning, 3D printed medical prostheses, a me nā orthotics e maʻalahi a wikiwiki e hoʻokō i nā pono o nā maʻi. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻonui ʻia kēia mau prostheses a hoʻololi ʻia i ka morphology o ka mea maʻi. Hāʻawi ka paʻi 3D i nā manawa hou no ka hana pilikino lehulehu. (hoʻohui kiʻi)

ʻO 2009 ka makahiki i komo ai nā patent FDM i ke kahua hoʻohana nui, i wehe i kahi ala hou no ka hana hou o nā mea paʻi FDM 3D. I ka hāʻule ʻana o ke kumukūʻai o nā paʻi paʻi 3D desktop, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā poʻe i hiki ke hoʻolohe i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana paʻi 3D.

I ka makahiki 2013, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Pelekikena ʻAmelika ʻo Barack Obama i ka paʻi 3D ma kāna ʻōlelo State of the Union ma ke ʻano nui o ka hana ʻana o ka wā e hiki mai ana, e hana ana i ka "paʻi 3D" he huaʻōlelo piha loa. I kēia manawa, kaulana loa kona wahi i ka manaʻo o ka lehulehu. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā ʻoihana liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻoihana liʻiliʻi e hoʻohana pono i ka prototyping haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hāʻawi ʻia e ka paʻi 3D, hoʻohui piha iā ia i loko o kā lākou hana hou, hana hou a me nā kaʻina hana.

Kaʻa manaʻo paʻi 3D

E pili ana i nā noi kūkulu hale, ua ʻoiaʻiʻo nā hale paʻi 3D. Ua neʻe ka poʻe i loko o nā hale paʻi 3D no ka manawa mua ma 2018. ʻO ka hale he 1022 kapuaʻi square, kahi kūpono loa. ʻElua mau lā i paʻi ʻia.

ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohālikelike o ka paʻi 3D ma nā mea like a me nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka hana ʻana a me ka paʻi 3D

E lawe i ka poepoe hollowed-out i laʻana. Aia ma mua o hoʻokahi kakini pua ma ka ʻili. Inā hana ʻia e ka mīkini kuʻuna, pilikia loa ia, a pono e hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻano hoʻohālike. A inā koho ʻoe i ka paʻi 3D, ʻaʻohe pau ʻole o ka waiwai, no laila he inoa hoʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo additive manufacturing, ʻo ia hoʻi ke ʻano o ka hōʻiliʻili liʻiliʻi o nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā ʻāpana kino. ʻO ke ʻano kuʻuna, ʻo ia ka hana mua ʻana i ka embryo, a laila wehe i nā mea keu, a ʻo ke koena mea ke ʻano i makemake ʻia. Inā ʻike ʻia kahi pilikia, pono ia e wehe i kahi poni a hoʻololi; ʻoiai ke hoʻohana liʻiliʻi nei ka paʻi 3D i ka hōʻiliʻili mea, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike koke i ka huahana i hoʻopau ʻia.

ʻIke ʻenehana paʻi 3D

Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻenehana paʻi 3D i ka hana ʻoihana. ʻO ka mea e pono ai ka paʻi 3D e hoʻohana, ʻaʻole ia ka mea kino, akā ʻo ke ʻano kikohoʻe. Inā makemake ʻoe e paʻi 3D i ka mea maoli i mua ou, a laila pono ʻoe e hoʻohana i ke kamepiula e hoʻohālike iā ia, a i ʻole e hoʻohana i ka scanner 3D e hoʻoheluhelu i ka mea maoli, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi hiʻohiʻona 3D, a hiki iā ʻoe ke paʻi i nā mea i loko o ʻumikumamālima mau minuke. I kēia manawa, ua māhele ʻia ka ʻenehana paʻi 3D i ʻehā mau ʻāpana nui: FDM, DLP/SLA, a me SLS

SLS-- kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe laser

ʻO SLS kahi pauka ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana wela o ka laser irradiation. E hohola i kahi ʻāpana o ka pauka lahilahi ma ka papa hana, a nānā i ka ʻāpana keʻa o ka papa me ka kukuna laser e hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ka mahana i ka helu heheʻe, no laila e ʻike ai i ka sintering a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, e hana hou i ka pauka hoʻolaha, sintering, wili, a maloʻo a hiki i ke kumu hoʻohālike. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka paʻi 3D he paʻi 2D mau. Inā ʻoki ʻoe i kahi mea lahilahi, ʻike ʻoe he ʻano ko kēlā me kēia ʻāpana. Inā hoʻohui ʻoe i nā ʻano like ʻole, loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi mea hoʻolālā ʻekolu. No laila, hoʻohana mākou i nā lasers e huki i nā kiʻi. ʻO ke kū'ēʻana o nā'āpana SLS i hoʻoheheʻeʻia i ke kaiapuni (ka wela, ka haʻahaʻa, a me kaʻino kino) ua like ia me nā mea thermoplastic; ʻoiai ʻo ke kūʻē ʻana o nā ʻāpana i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo SLA ʻano ʻilihune, no ka laʻana, hiki i nā mea hana SLA i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka resin epoxy hiki ke maʻalahi i ka makū a me nā kemika. ʻO ka corrosion, e palupalu a paʻa i kahi kaiapuni ma luna o 38 ° C, akā kiʻekiʻe ka pololei o ka hana ʻana.

SLA --stereolithography kalai kaʻina hana

ʻO SLA kahi ʻenehana hoʻōla māmā, kahi i hoʻomohala ʻia ma Kina i kēia manawa. ʻO "Stereolithography" ka wā e hōʻike ai ka kukuna laser i ke ʻano papa mua o ka mea ma ka ʻili o ka resin wai, a laila hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ka pae hana i kahi mamao (ma waena o 0.05-0.025mm), a laila hoʻokomo ʻia ka papa paʻa i ka resin wai, a pēlā aku. ʻO ka resin i hoʻohana ʻia he resin photosensitive, e hana i kahi kūlana paʻa ma hope o ka hoʻomālamalama ʻia ʻana e ka kukuna laser, a wikiwiki a pololei ke kumu hoʻohālike.

DLP-- kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe stereolithography

ʻO ka hoʻoili kukui uila DLP, ʻike ʻia ʻo ka ʻenehana hoʻohua laser. He nui nā ʻenehana paʻi DLP 3D me ka ʻenehana paʻi SLA 3D. Inā hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka hana ʻana me ke kaha pōʻai me kahi penikala, a laila ua like ka ʻenehana SLA me ke kaha kiʻi papa ma ka papa, aʻo DLP e like me ke kaha pololei. ʻO ka hana nui a mākou e ʻimi nei he ʻelua mau mea koʻikoʻi, hoʻokahi ka hana kūpono, a ʻo kekahi ke kumu kūʻai waiwai. Aia kekahi mīkini paʻi 3D hiki ke paʻi i nā haneli he nui ma mua o ka hana maʻamau, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka ʻenehana maka-a-maka, i hoʻomohala ʻia e kahi hui ma Shenzhen, Light Prism Technology. He 2-5 mau hola e paʻi ai i ka pōpō puʻu me ka paʻi kuʻuna FDM 3D, a hoʻokahi hola i ka wikiwiki, akā he 10 mau minuke wale nō e paʻi me ka ʻenehana hou loa. He mea kupaianaha ka wikiwiki o ka paʻi ʻana. Aia kēia paʻi 3D ma ka mākeke, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena i ka hana kuʻuna.

FDM --Fused Deposition Molding Process

Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻenehana DLP a me SLS, ʻano maʻalahi ka ʻenehana FDM, no laila he lehulehu ka lehulehu a maʻalahi ke komo ʻana i ka ʻohana. Hoʻokumu pololei ʻia ka prototype mai ka ʻikepili 3D CAD ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea thermoplastic e hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o kahi filament semi-hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, i waiho ʻia ma ke kumu papa-by-layer. ʻO nā mea maikaʻi o ka ʻenehana FDM he ʻano mīkini maʻalahi, hoʻolālā maʻalahi, kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, kumukūʻai mālama a me nā kumu waiwai, ʻaʻohe pollution i ke kaiapuni. No laila, ʻo FDM ka ʻenehana i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā paʻi paʻi 3D home desktop. He ʻano paʻi kuʻuna maʻamau, ʻaʻole hoʻohana i ka laser a he haʻahaʻa ke kumu kūʻai, akā ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe ka pololei a me ka wikiwiki o ka paʻi ʻana. ʻO kēia ke ala maʻalahi loa no nā mea a pau, a hoʻohana mau ʻia ia ma ka mākeke hoʻonaʻauao.

ʻO ka hopena o ka paʻi 3D ma ka hana ʻana a me ka hana kuʻuna

Nā pōmaikaʻi o ka paʻi 3D

(1) Hoʻopilikino

ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ka niho niho ma ke ʻano he laʻana, ʻokoʻa nā niho o kēlā me kēia kanaka, akā hiki i ka paʻi 3D ke hoʻoponopono i ka kūʻē ʻana ma waena o ka hana maʻamau a me ka hana nui, a hoʻohua nui ʻia nā implants maʻamau, braces, etc.

(2) laʻana manawa maoli

Ma muli o ka wikiwiki wikiwiki o ka paʻi 3D, hoʻolālā ka mea hoʻolālā i kahi mana o ka huahana i ke kakahiaka, a hiki i ke alakaʻi ke ʻike i ka huahana i hoʻopau ʻia i ke awakea, a laila hoʻolālā i kahi mana ʻē aʻe i ka hola 6 pm, a hiki ke ʻike i ka huahana i hoʻopau ʻia i ke kakahiaka aʻe, ka mea e wikiwiki loa i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā huahana hou. Inā ʻaʻole paʻakikī loa, hiki i ka paʻi 3D ke hana i nā huahana i hoʻopau ʻia i 3 mau hola, ʻoiai ʻo ka hōʻoia kuʻuna he 4-6 mau pule i kēlā me kēia manawa, no laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka wikiwiki holoʻokoʻa o ka hoʻolālā ʻenehana.

(3) ʻAʻohe haumia

 No ka mea, ʻo nā mea maka i hana ʻia he mea pili i ke kaiapuni, ʻo ke kaʻina hana holoʻokoʻa he hana pollution-free. ʻAʻohe haumia o ke kinoea ʻōpala a me ka wai ʻino, a ʻaʻohe ʻōpala o nā mea i koe.

(4) ʻIkepili

Ke oʻo ʻia ka niho niho kikohoʻe, e hoʻemi nui ʻia nā koi ʻenehana no nā kauka. Pono nā poʻe maʻi e hoʻohana i ka mea kani e nānā i ʻelua mau minuke i loko o ka haukapila, a hiki iā lākou ke ʻike i nā kumu a me nā hopena o nā pilikia niho āpau.

Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka paʻi 3D no ka orthodontics, ka paʻi ʻana i nā braces ponoʻī a hoʻopilikino ʻia. I ka wā o ke kaʻina plastik, pono anei e neʻe nā niho i ka hema a i mua paha? ʻEhia mau millimeters e neʻe ai? I ka wā ma mua, ua hilinaʻi wale ka ʻoki niho i ka ʻike pilikino o ke kauka, akā ua hoʻonui ka dentistry digital i ka paʻa o ka hana a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka paepae ʻenehana no nā kauka.

(5) wikiwiki

 Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kaʻina hana kuʻuna, ʻaʻole pono ka paʻi 3D i nā hoʻomākaukau mua e like me ka manpower a me ka halihali. Pono wale ia i nā mīkini a me nā mea maka, a hiki ke hoʻokomo koke ʻia i ka hana.

(6) 'Otometi

 Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia aia hoʻokahi wale nō mea paʻi 3D ma waena o ka noʻonoʻo virtual a me ka mea maoli. ʻO ka hana kī hoʻokahi o ka paʻi 3D e mālama i ka nui o nā koina hana a me nā hewa kanaka.