Nigute icapiro rya 3D rikora?

Uburyo bumwe bwo kongera ibikoresho ni icapiro rya 3D. Ni "inyongera" muburyo butondekanya gusa kandi bugahuza ibice kugirango bikore ibintu bifatika aho gukenera ibintu cyangwa ibumba. Irashobora kubaka geometrike igoye kuruta tekinoroji "isanzwe", akenshi irihuta, ifite igiciro gihamye cyo gushiraho, kandi ikorana nibikoresho bigenda byiyongera. Urwego rwubwubatsi rukoresha cyane, cyane cyane iyo prototyping no guteza imbere geometrike yoroheje.

Gukora inyongera no gucapa 3D

Ijambo "Icapiro rya 3D" rikunze guhuzwa n'umuco wo gukora, abikunda hamwe nabakunzi, icapiro rya desktop, tekinoroji yo gucapa byoroshye nka FDM, nibikoresho bihenze nka ABS na PLA. Ibi biterwa ahanini nicapiro rya desktop ihendutse yavuye mumitwe ya RepRap, nka MakerBot yambere na Ultimaker, byagize uruhare muri demokarasi yo gucapa 3D no gucapa 3D 3D.

Ikoranabuhanga rya Icapiro rya 3D: Kazoza k'inganda zikora udushya

3Dicapiroamateka

Ibicuruzwa byo gucapa 3D byatangiye mu myaka ya za 70. Mu 1981, umuhanga w’Ubuyapani Dr. Kodama, wabaye uwambere mu gusobanura uburyo bwo gukora icapiro ku byiciro, yagerageje gucapa 3D, kandi ku giti cye akora SLA (stereolithography) icapiro rya 3D rya tekinoroji-ifotora ibyiyumvo byifashishijwe na ultraviolet.

Nyuma yimyaka mike, umuhanga wumunyamerika Charles Hull na we yakoze ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku ikoranabuhanga rya SLA, maze atanga ipatanti ya mbere ya SLA mu 1986. Yashinze 3D Sisitemu maze asohora ibicuruzwa byabo bya mbere by’ubucuruzi, SLA-1, mu 1988 (ifoto iri hepfo)

SLA irashobora kuvugwa ko aribwo buryo bwa mbere bwateye imbere bwa tekinoroji yo gucapa 3D, ubwo rero SLS (Selective Laser Sintering) na FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) nyuma

Mu 1988, Umunyamerika Carl Deckard yemereye ikoranabuhanga rya SLS muri kaminuza ya Texas, ubwo ni ubundi buhanga bwo gucapa 3D aho lazeri ihuza ibice by'ifu hamwe kugira ngo icapwe. Muri uwo mwaka, Scott Crump, umwe mu bashinze Stratasys, yasabye ipatanti yo kwerekana imiterere yabitswe (FDM). Kuva mu 1980 kugeza 1990, tekinoroji eshatu zingenzi zo gucapa 3D zose zarahawe ipatanti, byerekana intangiriro yigihe cyiterambere ryihuse muriyi nganda. .

Mu Burayi, EOS GmbH yashyizeho uburyo bwo gushushanya icapiro rya 3D: Sisitemu ya Stereos. Uyu munsi, imashini zacapwe 3D mu rwego rw’inganda zikoreshwa ku isi hose mu ikoranabuhanga rya SLS 3D ryandika (Selective Laser Sintering) kuri plastiki n’ibyuma bizwi.

Mu 1992, ipatanti ya tekinoroji ya 3D ya FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) yemerewe na Stratasys, yateje imbere printer ya 3D kugirango ihuze ibyifuzo bitandukanye byabanyamwuga nabantu ku giti cyabo.

Kuva mu 1993 kugeza 1999, ikoranabuhanga ritandukanye ryagaragaye mu nganda zicapura 3D. Muri icyo gihe, hashyizweho porogaramu nshya kandi nyinshi za CAD, hamwe na porogaramu yo kwerekana imiterere ya 3D, urugero, Sanders Prototype (ubu yitwa Solidscape) yari umwe mu bitabiriye amahugurwa ya mbere yashizweho.

Icapiro rya 3D imirima myinshi

Muri 2008, prothèque yambere yacapishijwe 3D yasohotse, ibyo bikaba byarushijeho kongera umugabane wo gucapa 3D mubitangazamakuru. Abantu basanze icapiro rya 3D ridashobora gucapa ibice gakondo gusa ahubwo rishobora no gukoreshwa mugusana umubiri. Uyu mushinga utangaje wubuvuzi bwa 3D uhuza ibice byose bigize ibinyabuzima kandi birashobora gucapurwa "nkuko biri" nta teraniro ryakurikiyeho. Uyu munsi, hamwe na scanne ya 3D, prothèse yubuvuzi yacapishijwe 3D, hamwe na orthotics biragenda bihendutse kandi byihuse kugirango abarwayi bakeneye ibyo bakeneye. Byongeye kandi, izo protezi ziragenda zitezimbere kandi zihuza na morphologie yumurwayi. Icapiro rya 3D rizana amahirwe mashya yo kwimenyekanisha rusange. (ongeraho ifoto)

Umwaka wa 2009 niwo mwaka patenti ya FDM yinjiye murwego rwo gukoresha abantu benshi, ifungura inzira nshya yo guhanga udushya twinshi twa printer ya FDM 3D. Mugihe igiciro cya printer ya desktop ya 3D yagabanutse, abantu benshi kandi benshi bashoboye kwitondera iterambere ryinganda zicapura 3D.

Mu mwaka wa 2013, Perezida wa Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, Barack Obama, yavuze ko icapiro rya 3D mu ijambo rye muri Leta y’Ubumwe ari bwo buryo nyamukuru bwo gutanga umusaruro w'ejo hazaza, bituma "icapiro rya 3D" ari ijambo ryuzuye. Noneho, umwanya wacyo mubitekerezo rusange biragaragara cyane. Ibigo byinshi kandi bito n'ibiciriritse bifashisha prototyping ihendutse itangwa nicapiro rya 3D, iyinjiza rwose mubikorwa byayo, guhanga udushya no gukora.

Imodoka yo gucapa 3D

Kubijyanye nubwubatsi busaba, amazu yacapwe 3D ubu ni impamo. Abantu bimukiye mu mazu yacapishijwe 3D ku nshuro ya mbere muri 2018. Iyi nzu ifite ubuso bwa metero kare 1022, ikaba ishobora guturwa cyane. Byatwaye iminsi ibiri yose yo gucapa.

Sisitemu yo gutondekanya icapiro rya 3D kubintu bisa nibitandukaniro hagati yo gukora no gucapa 3D

Fata umupira ufunguye nk'urugero. Hano hari indabyo zirenga icumi. Niba itunganijwe no gutunganya gakondo, bizatera ibibazo cyane, kandi ibishushanyo bigomba guhindurwa umwe umwe. Niba kandi uhisemo icapiro rya 3D, nta guta ibikoresho, bityo ifite n'izina ryitwa inyongeramusaruro, bivuze ko uburyo bwo gukusanya ibikoresho buhoro buhoro bukoreshwa mugukora ibice bifatika. Uburyo gakondo nugukora urusoro mbere, hanyuma ukureho ibintu birenze, nibikoresho bisigaye nuburyo bukenewe. Niba hagaragaye ikibazo, ni ngombwa gufungura ifu no kuyihindura; mugihe icapiro rya 3D rikoresha buhoro buhoro gukusanya ibintu, urashobora kubona byihuse ibicuruzwa byarangiye.

Icapiro rya tekinoroji ya 3D

Ubuhanga bwo gucapa 3D bukoreshwa mubikorwa byinganda. Icyo icapiro rya 3D rikeneye gukoresha ntabwo arikintu gifatika, ahubwo ni moderi ya digitale. Niba ushaka gucapa 3D ikintu gifatika imbere yawe, ugomba rero gukoresha mudasobwa kugirango uyigereho, cyangwa ukoreshe scaneri ya 3D kugirango ugaragaze ikintu nyacyo, ni ukuvuga moderi ya 3D, kandi urashobora gusohora ibintu muminota mike nka cumi n'itanu. Kugeza ubu, tekinoroji yo gucapa 3D igabanijwemo ibyiciro bine byingenzi: FDM, DLP / SLA, na SLS

SLS-- laser sintering molding process

SLS ni ifu yubuhanga buhanitse ishonga mugihe cy'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa lazeri. Gukwirakwiza igipande cyifu yinini kumurimo wakazi, hanyuma usuzume igice cyambukiranya urumuri hamwe nigitereko cya laser kugirango uzamure ubushyuhe kugeza aho ushonga, kugirango umenye gucumura no guhuza, gusubiramo ifu ikwirakwira, gucumura, gusya, no gukama kugeza icyitegererezo kibaye. Mubyukuri, icapiro rya 3D ni 2D icapura inshuro nyinshi. Niba ukata ikintu cyoroshye cyane, uzasanga buri gice gifite ishusho. Niba ushyize hamwe imiterere yose, ubona ibintu bitatu-byubatswe. Dukoresha lazeri gushushanya ibishushanyo. Kurwanya ibice bya SLS byahinduwe kubidukikije (ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, hamwe na ruswa ya chimique) bisa nkibikoresho bya termoplastique; mugihe kurwanya ibice byabumbwe na SLA ari bibi cyane, kurugero, ibihangano bya SLA bibumbwe na epoxy resin birashobora kwibasirwa nubushuhe hamwe nimiti. Ruswa, izoroshya kandi ikorwe mubidukikije hejuru ya 38 ° C, ariko ibyakozwe neza ni byinshi.

SLA - uburyo bwo kubumba

SLA ni tekinoroji ikiza, yateye imbere mubushinwa muri iki gihe. "Stereolithography" ni mugihe urumuri rwa lazeri rugaragaza imiterere ya mbere yikintu hejuru yubutaka bwamazi, hanyuma urubuga rwo kubyara rukamanurwa nintera runaka (hagati ya 0.05-0.025mm), hanyuma igipande gikomeye kigacengera mumazi, nibindi. Ibisigarira bikoreshwa ni fotosensitif resin, izakora imiterere ihamye nyuma yo kuraswa nigiti cya laser, kandi imiterere yo gukora irihuta kandi neza.

DLP-- uburyo bwo gutondeka stereolithography

DLP itunganya urumuri rwa digitale, izwi nka tekinoroji ya laser. Ubuhanga bwo gucapa DLP 3D bufite byinshi bisa nubuhanga bwo gucapa SLA 3D. Niba umusaruro ugereranijwe no gushushanya uruziga hamwe n'ikaramu, noneho tekinoroji ya SLA ihwanye no gushushanya ibice, mugihe DLP ihwanye na kashe itaziguye. Umusaruro rusange dukurikirana ufite ingingo ebyiri zingenzi, imwe ni imikorere, indi nigiciro cyibikoresho. Hano hari printer ya 3D ishobora gucapa inshuro magana byihuse kuruta inganda gakondo, ni ukuvuga ikoranabuhanga imbonankubone, ryakozwe na sosiyete i Shenzhen, Ikoranabuhanga rya Light Prism. Bifata amasaha 2-5 kugirango ucapishe umupira wuzuye hamwe na 3D ya 3D ya FDM, kandi bifata isaha imwe yihuta, ariko bifata iminota 10 gusa yo gucapa hamwe nikoranabuhanga rigezweho. Umuvuduko wo gucapa uratangaje. Iyo icapiro rya 3D rimaze kugaragara ku isoko, Ingaruka ku bukorikori gakondo iracyari nini.

FDM - Gukoresha uburyo bwo kubitsa

Ugereranije na tekinoroji ya DLP na SLS, tekinoroji ya FDM iroroshye, bityo ifite abantu benshi kandi byoroshye kwinjira mumuryango. Porotype yubatswe mu buryo butaziguye uhereye ku makuru ya 3D CAD ukoresheje ibikoresho bya termoplastique kugira ngo bisohore mu gice cya kabiri cyashongeshejwe, gishyirwa ku kindi. Ibyiza bya tekinoroji ya FDM nuburyo bwubukanishi bworoshye, igishushanyo cyoroshye, igiciro gito cyo gukora, igiciro cyo kubungabunga nigiciro cyibikoresho, kandi nta kwanduza ibidukikije. Kubwibyo, FDM nubundi buryo bukoreshwa cyane mubikoresho byo murugo bya desktop ya 3D. Nuburyo busanzwe bwo gucapa, budakoresha laser kandi bufite igiciro gito, ariko ubunyangamugayo ntabwo buri hejuru kandi umuvuduko wo gucapa uratinda cyane. Ubu ni bwo buryo bworoshye kuri buri wese, kandi muri rusange bukoreshwa ku isoko ry'uburezi.

Ingaruka zo gucapa 3D kubikorwa no gukora ubukorikori gakondo

Ibyiza byo gucapa 3D

(1) Guhitamo

Dufashe nk'ubuvuzi bw'amenyo, amenyo ya buriwese aratandukanye, ariko icapiro rya 3D rirashobora gukemura itandukaniro riri hagati yumusaruro wabigenewe hamwe n’umusaruro rusange, kandi misa itanga ibicuruzwa byabigenewe, imikufi, nibindi.

(2) icyitegererezo nyacyo

Kubera umuvuduko wihuse wo gucapa 3D, uwashushanyije akora verisiyo yibicuruzwa mugitondo, kandi umuyobozi ashobora kubona ibicuruzwa byarangiye saa sita, hanyuma agashushanya indi verisiyo saa kumi n'ebyiri z'umugoroba, kandi ashobora kubona ibicuruzwa byarangiye bukeye bwaho, byihutisha cyane iterambere ryibicuruzwa bishya. Niba bitagoye cyane, icapiro rya 3D rirashobora gutanga ibicuruzwa byarangiye mumasaha 3, mugihe ibimenyetso gakondo bifata ibyumweru 4-6 buri mwanya, bityo umuvuduko rusange wibishushanyo mbonera nabyo biratera imbere.

(3) Nta mwanda uhari

 Kubera ko ibikoresho fatizo byakozwe byose bitangiza ibidukikije, inzira yose yumusaruro ni umusaruro udafite umwanda. Nta mwanda uhumanya gaze n’amazi y’imyanda, kandi nta myanda y’ibikoresho bisigaye.

(4) Gukoresha Data

Iyo amenyo ya digitale akuze, ibisabwa bya tekinike kubaganga bizagabanuka cyane. Abarwayi bakeneye gusa gukoresha igikoresho cyo gusikana iminota ibiri mu bitaro, kandi barashobora kumenya ibitera nigisubizo cyibibazo byose by amenyo.

Mubyongeyeho, icapiro rya 3D rirashobora kandi gukoreshwa muburyo bwa ortodontike, gucapa kugiti cyihariye kandi cyihariye. Mugihe cyo kubaga plastique, amenyo agomba kwimuka ibumoso cyangwa imbere? Milimetero zingahe zo kwimuka? Mu bihe byashize, kubaga amenyo byashingiraga gusa ku bunararibonye bwa muganga, ariko ubuvuzi bw'amenyo bwa digitale bwongereye imbaraga mu gikorwa kandi bugabanya urwego rwa tekiniki ku baganga.

(5) Byihuta

 Ugereranije nibikorwa gakondo byinganda, icapiro rya 3D ntirisaba imyiteguro ibanza nkabakozi nogutwara abantu. Irakeneye gusa imashini nibikoresho fatizo, kandi irashobora gushyirwa mubikorwa vuba.

(6) Kwikora

 Birashobora kuvugwa ko hariho printer imwe ya 3D gusa hagati yibitekerezo byukuri nibintu bifatika. Umusaruro umwe wingenzi wo gucapa 3D uzigama amafaranga menshi yumurimo namakosa yabantu.