Ushicilelo lwe-3D lusebenza njani?

Enye indlela yokuvelisa i-3D yokushicilela. "Sisongezo" kuba sibeka nje kwaye sidibanise iileya zemathiriyeli ukwenza izinto zokwenyani endaweni yokufuna ibhloko yemathiriyeli okanye ukungunda. Inokwakha iijiyometri ezintsonkothileyo kunetekhnoloji "eqhelekileyo", ihlala ikhawuleza, ineendleko ezisezantsi zokuseta ezizinzileyo, kwaye isebenza ngoluhlu oluhlala lukhula lwezixhobo. Icandelo lobunjineli liyisebenzisa kakhulu, ngakumbi xa kusenziwa iprototyping kunye nokuphuhlisa iijiyometri ezikhaphukhaphu.

Imveliso eyongezelelweyo kunye noshicilelo lwe-3D

Igama elithi "ushicilelo lwe-3D" lihlala linxulunyaniswa nenkcubeko yomenzi, abantu abangafundanga kunye nabanomdla, abashicileli bedesktop, ubuchule bokushicilela obufikelelekayo njenge-FDM, kunye nemathiriyeli engabizi kakhulu njenge-ABS kunye ne-PLA. Oku ngokuyinxenye kungenxa yabashicileli bedesktop abafikelelekayo abavele kwintshukumo yeRepRap, efana noqobo lweMakerBot kunye ne-Ultimaker, enegalelo kwidemokhrasi yoshicilelo lwe-3D kunye noshicilelo lwe-2009 3D boom.

ITekhnoloji yoShicilelo lwe-3D: Ikamva lokuVeliswa kwezinto ezintsha

3Dushicileloimbali

Iimveliso zoshicilelo lwe-3D zaqala ngo-1970s. Ngo-1981, isazinzulu saseJapan uGqr. Kodama, owayengowokuqala ukuchaza indlela yokuvelisa yoshicilelo yomaleko-ngamaleko, wazama ushicilelo lwe-3D, waza wadala ngokwakhe i-SLA (stereolithography) yoshicilelo lwe-3D yoshicilelo lwe-teknoloji-photosensitive resin eyenziwe nge-polymerized ngokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet.

Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, usosayensi waseMelika uCharles Hull naye wenza uphando olunzulu kwi-teknoloji ye-SLA, kwaye wafaka i-patent yokuqala ye-SLA ngo-1986. Yaseka iiNkqubo ze-3D kwaye yakhupha imveliso yabo yokuqala yorhwebo, i-SLA-1, kwi-1988. (umfanekiso ongezantsi)

I-SLA kunokuthiwa yeyona teknoloji yokuqala yoshicilelo ye-3D eyaphuhliswayo, ke yenze nini i-SLS (i-Selective Laser Sintering) kunye ne-FDM (iFused Deposition Modeling) kamva.

Ngo-1988, u-American Carl Deckard unelungelo lobunikazi beteknoloji ye-SLS kwiYunivesithi yaseTexas, enye indlela yokushicilela ye-3D apho i-laser yendawo idibanisa amaqhekeza omgubo kunye ukuze ashicilele. Kwangalo nyaka mnye, uScott Crump, omnye wabaseki beStratasys, wafaka isicelo selungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kwi-fused deposition modeling (FDM). Ukusukela ngo-1980 ukuya ku-1990, ubuchwephesha obuthathu obuphambili boshicilelo lwe-3D bonke babenelungelo elilodwa lomenzi, nto leyo ephawula ukuqala kwexesha lophuhliso olukhawulezayo kolu shishino. .

EYurophu, i-EOS GmbH yenze inkqubo yokuyila yoshicilelo lwe-3D: inkqubo ye-Stereos. Namhlanje, iimodeli zayo eziprintiweyo ze-3D kwicandelo lezoshishino zisetyenziswa kwihlabathi jikelele kwi-SLS 3D iteknoloji yokushicilela (i-Selective Laser Sintering) kwiiplastiki kunye neentsimbi ezamkelwa kuyo.

Ngo-1992, i-FDM (i-Fused Deposition Modeling) i-patent yoshicilelo lwe-3D yoshicilelo yagunyaziswa yi-Stratasys, ephuhlise abashicileli be-3D ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zeengcali ezininzi kunye nabantu ngabanye.

Ukususela ngo-1993 ukuya ku-1999, ubugcisa obahlukeneyo bavela kushishino loshicilelo lwe-3D. Ngexesha elifanayo, isoftware entsha yeCAD, kunye nesoftware yemodeli ye-3D yaphuhliswa, umzekelo, iSanders Prototype (ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yiSolidscape) eyayingomnye wabathathi-nxaxheba bokuqala abadaliweyo.

Ushicilelo lwe-3D usetyenziso lwemimandla emininzi

Kwi-2008, iprosthetic yokuqala eprintiweyo ye-3D yaphuma, eyandisa ngakumbi isabelo se-3D yoshicilelo kumajelo eendaba. Abantu bafumanise ukuba ushicilelo lwe-3D alunakuprinta kuphela amalungu esintu kodwa lukwasetyenziswa ekulungiseni umzimba womntu. Le projekthi yoshicilelo ye-3D yonyango emangalisayo idibanisa zonke iinxalenye zelungu lebhayoloji kwaye inokuprintwa "njengoko injalo" ngaphandle kwendibano elandelayo. Namhlanje, kudityaniswe ne-3D yokuskena, iiprosthesis zonyango eziprintiweyo ze-3D, kunye ne-orthotics ziya zithotywa kwaye zikhawuleza ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zezigulana. Ngaphezu koko, ezi prosthesis ziya ziphuculwa ngakumbi kwaye ziqhelaniswe ne-morphology yesigulana. Ushicilelo lwe-3D luzisa amathuba amatsha obuntu obukhulu. (yongeza umfanekiso)

Ngo-2009 yaba ngunyaka apho amalungelo awodwa abenzi be-FDM angena kwindawo yokusetyenziswa kobuninzi, nto leyo eyavula indlela entsha yokwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha zabashicileli be-FDM 3D. Njengoko ixabiso le-desktop ye-3D abashicileli behla, abantu abaninzi baye bakwazi ukunikela ingqalelo kuphuhliso loshishino loshicilelo lwe-3D.

Ngo-2013, uMongameli wase-US u-Barack Obama ukhankanye ushicilelo lwe-3D kwidilesi yakhe ye-Union State njengeyona ndlela iphambili yemveliso yexesha elizayo, okwenza "ushicilelo lwe-3D" lube yi-buzzword epheleleyo. Ngoku, indawo yayo kwingqondo yoluntu ibalasele kakhulu. Iinkampani ezininzi ezincinci kunye neziphakathi zithatha inzuzo yeprototyping ephantsi kwexabiso eliphantsi elinikezelwe ngoshicilelo lwe-3D, ludibanisa ngokupheleleyo kwiinkqubo zabo zokuphindaphinda, ezintsha kunye nemveliso.

Imoto yoshicilelo lwe-3D

Ngokubhekiselele kwizicelo zokwakha, izindlu eziprintiweyo ze-3D ngoku ziyinyani. Abantu bafudukela kwizindlu eziprintiweyo ze-3D okokuqala ngqa kwi-2018. Indlu inendawo ye-square ye-square ye-1022, ehlala kuyo kakhulu. Kuthathe iintsuku ezimbini zizonke ukuprinta.

Inkqubo yokuhlelwa kwe-3D yoshicilelo kwizinto ezifanayo kunye nokwahlukana phakathi kokuvelisa kunye noshicilelo lwe-3D

Thatha ibhola evalekileyo njengomzekelo. Kukho iintyatyambo ezingaphezu kweshumi elinesibini kumphezulu. Ukuba icutshungulwa ngoomatshini bemveli, kuya kuba nzima kakhulu, kwaye iipatheni kufuneka zitshintshwe nganye nganye. Kwaye ukuba ukhetha ushicilelo lwe-3D, akukho nkunkuma yezinto eziphathekayo, ngoko ke inegama elibizwa ngokuba yi-additive production, oku kuthetha ukuba indlela yokuqokelela ngokuthe ngcembe imathiriyeli isetyenziselwa ukwenza amalungu omzimba. Indlela yendabuko kukwenza i-embryo kuqala, emva koko ususe izinto ezingaphezulu, kwaye izinto ezisele ziyimilo efunekayo. Ukuba ingxaki ifunyenwe, kuyimfuneko ukuvula isikhunta kwaye siyiguqule; ngelixa ushicilelo lwe-3D lusebenzisa kancinci kancinci ukuqokelelwa kwezinto, unokuyibona ngokukhawuleza imveliso egqityiweyo.

Ukufezekiswa kwetekhnoloji yoshicilelo ye-3D

Itekhnoloji yoshicilelo ye-3D isetyenziswa kwimveliso yamashishini. Yiyiphi i-3D yokushicilela kufuneka isetyenziswe ayiyona into ebonakalayo, kodwa imodeli yedijithali. Ukuba ufuna ukuprinta i-3D eyona nto yokwenyani ephambi kwakho, kufuneka usebenzise ikhompuyutha ukuyifanisa, okanye usebenzise iskena se-3D ukwenza idijithali into yokwenyani, oko kukuthi, imodeli ye-3D, kwaye ungaprinta izinto kwimizuzu nje elishumi elinesihlanu. Okwangoku, iteknoloji yoshicilelo lwe-3D yahlulwe yangamacandelo amane amakhulu: FDM, DLP/SLA, kunye ne-SLS.

SLS-- laser sintering inkqubo yokubumba

I-SLS yipowder enobuchwephesha obuphezulu obunyibilikayo phantsi kweemeko zobushushu obuphezulu be-laser irradiation. Sasaza umaleko womgubo obhityileyo kwibhentshi yokusebenzela, kwaye uskene icandelo elinqamlezayo lomaleko ngomqadi welaser ukunyusa ubushushu kwindawo yokunyibilika, ukuze kuqondwe ukunyibilika kunye nokudibanisa, ukuphinda umgubo wokusasaza, ukuntywila, ukucola kunye nokomisa de imodeli yenziwe. Enyanisweni, ushicilelo lwe-3D lushicilelo lwe-2D ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ukuba usika into ibe bhityile kakhulu, uya kufumanisa ukuba iqhekeza ngalinye linemilo. Ukuba ubeka zonke iimilo kunye, ufumana into yesakhiwo esine-dimensional-dimensional. Ke sisebenzisa iilaser ukuzoba imizobo. Ukuxhathisa kweendawo ezibunjiweyo ze-SLS kwindalo (iqondo lobushushu, ukufuma, kunye nokubola kweekhemikhali) kufana nezixhobo ze-thermoplastic; ngelixa ukuxhathisa kweendawo ezibunjiweyo ze-SLA zihlwempuzekile, umzekelo, izixhobo zokusebenza ze-SLA ezibunjwe nge-epoxy resin zisengozini yokufuma kunye neekhemikhali. I-Corrosion, iya kuthamba kwaye ijikeleze kwindawo engaphezulu kwe-38 ° C, kodwa ukuchaneka kokubumba kuphezulu.

I-SLA --stereolithography inkqubo yokubumba

I-SLA yitekhnoloji yokunyanga ukukhanya, ephuhliswe e-China ngoku. "I-Stereolithography" kuxa umqadi we-laser uchaza ubume becala lokuqala lwento kumphezulu we-resin engamanzi, kwaye ke iqonga lemveliso lithotywa ngumgama othile (phakathi kwe-0.05-0.025mm), kwaye ke umaleko oqiniweyo untywiliselwa kwi-resin engamanzi, njalo njalo. I-resin esetyenzisiweyo yi-resin ye-photosensitive, eya kwenza isimo esiqinileyo emva kokuhlanjululwa yi-laser beam, kwaye imodeli yokubumba ikhawuleza kwaye ichanekile.

I-DLP--inkqubo yokubumba i-stereolithography

Ukulungiswa kokukhanya kwedijithali kwe-DLP, eyaziwa ngokuba yitekhnoloji yokubumba i-laser. Itekhnoloji yoshicilelo ye-DLP ye-3D inezinto ezininzi ezifanayo kunye ne-SLA 3D ubuchwepheshe bokushicilela. Ukuba imveliso ifaniswa nokuzoba isangqa ngepensile, ngoko iteknoloji ye-SLA ilingana nokuzoba umaleko ngomqolo, ngelixa i-DLP ilingana nokunyathela ngokuthe ngqo. Imveliso yobuninzi esiyifunayo inamanqaku amabini abaluleke kakhulu, enye iyasebenza, kwaye enye yindleko yezinto eziphathekayo. Kukho umshicileli we-3D onokuprinta ngamakhulu amaxesha ngokukhawuleza kunokuveliswa kwendabuko, oko kukuthi, iteknoloji yobuso ngobuso, ephuhliswe yinkampani yaseShenzhen, i-Light Prism Technology. Kuthatha iiyure ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-5 ukuprinta ibhola enombhobho ngoshicilelo lwemveli lwe-FDM 3D, kwaye kuthatha iyure ngokukhawuleza, kodwa kuthatha malunga nemizuzu eyi-10 ukuprinta ngetekhnoloji yamva nje yobuso ngobuso. Isantya sokushicilela siyamangalisa. Nje ukuba olu shicilelo lwe-3D lusemarikeni, Impembelelo kubugcisa bemveli isenkulu.

I-FDM --Inkqubo yokuBumba i-Fused Deposition

Xa kuthelekiswa nobuchwepheshe be-DLP kunye ne-SLS, iteknoloji ye-FDM ilula, ngoko inabaphulaphuli abaninzi kwaye kulula ukungena kwintsapho. Iprototype yakhiwe ngokuthe ngqo kwidatha ye-CAD ye-3D ngokusebenzisa i-thermoplastic material ukuba ikhutshwe kwi-semi-molten filament, efakwe kwi-layer-by-layer basis. Iingenelo zobuchwepheshe be-FDM zisakhiwo esilula soomatshini, uyilo olulula, iindleko zokuvelisa eziphantsi, iindleko zokugcina kunye neendleko zempahla, kwaye akukho ngcoliseko kwindalo. Ke ngoko, i-FDM ikwayeyona teknoloji isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-desktop yasekhaya ye-3D abashicileli. Yindlela yoshicilelo yemveli, engasebenzisi i-laser kwaye ineendleko eziphantsi, kodwa ukuchaneka akukho phezulu kwaye isantya sokushicilela sicotha kakhulu. Le yeyona ndlela ifikelelekayo kuye wonke umntu, kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimarike yemfundo.

Impembelelo yoShicilelo lwe-3D kuMveliso kunye noBugcisa boMveli

Izinto ezilungileyo zoshicilelo lwe-3D

(1) Ukwenza ngokwezifiso

Ukuthatha ugqirha wamazinyo njengomzekelo, amazinyo omntu wonke ahlukile, kodwa ushicilelo lwe-3D lunokusombulula impikiswano phakathi kwemveliso eyenziwe ngokwezifiso kunye nemveliso yobuninzi, kwaye ubunzima buvelisa ukufakelwa ngokwezifiso, i-braces, njl.

(2) isampula yexesha langempela

Ngenxa yesantya esikhawulezayo soshicilelo lwe-3D, umyili uyila uguqulelo lwemveliso kusasa, kwaye inkokeli inokubona imveliso egqityiweyo emini, ize iyile enye inguqulelo nge-6 pm, kwaye inokubona imveliso egqityiweyo ngentsasa elandelayo, ekhawuleza kakhulu ukuphuhliswa kwesantya semveliso emitsha. Ukuba ayinzima kakhulu, ukuprintwa kwe-3D kunokuvelisa iimveliso ezigqityiweyo kwiiyure ze-3, ngelixa ubungqina bendabuko buthatha iiveki ezi-4-6 ngexesha ngalinye, ngoko ke isantya esipheleleyo soyilo lwamashishini luphuculwe.

(3) Akukho lungcoliso

 Kuba izinto eziveliswayo eziveliswayo zonke zinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, yonke inkqubo yokuvelisa ayingcolisekanga. Akukho kungcoliseka kwerhasi emdaka namanzi amdaka, kwaye akukho nkcitho yezinto ezishiyekileyo.

(4) Ukwenziwa kwedatha

Xa amazinyo edijithali ekhula, iimfuno zobugcisa koogqirha ziya kuncitshiswa kakhulu. Izigulane kufuneka zisebenzise isixhobo ukuskena imizuzu emibini esibhedlele, kwaye ziyakwazi izizathu kunye nezisombululo zazo zonke iingxaki zamazinyo.

Ukongeza, ushicilelo lwe-3D lunokusetyenziselwa i-orthodontics, ukuprinta ezenzelwe wena kunye neebrayisi ezicacileyo. Ngexesha lotyando lweplastiki, ngaba amazinyo kufuneka ahambe ngasekhohlo okanye phambili? Zingaphi iimilimitha ezihambayo? Ngaphambili, utyando lwamazinyo luxhomekeke kuphela kumava kagqirha buqu, kodwa wamazinyo digital iye yandisa uzinzo utyando kwaye wehlisa umqobo zobugcisa oogqirha.

(5) Ukukhawuleza

 Xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo zemveli zoshishino, ushicilelo lwe-3D alufuni amalungiselelo okuqala afana nabasebenzi kunye nokuthutha. Ifuna kuphela oomatshini kunye nezinto eziluhlaza, kwaye inokufakwa kwimveliso ngokukhawuleza.

(6) Ukuzenzekela

 Kunokuthiwa kukho umshicileli omnye we-3D phakathi kwentelekelelo yenyani kunye nento yokwenyani. Imveliso engundoqo ye-3D yokushicilela igcina iindleko ezininzi zabasebenzi kunye neempazamo zabantu.