Ngabe kusebenza kanjani ukuphrinta kwe-3D?

Enye indlela yokukhiqiza okungeziwe ukuphrinta kwe-3D. "Iyangezelela" ngokuthi ivele inqwabelene futhi ihlanganise izendlalelo zezinto zokwakha izinto zangempela esikhundleni sokudinga ibhulokhi lento noma isikhunta. Ingakha amajiyometri ayinkimbinkimbi kunobuchwepheshe "obujwayelekile", ivamise ukushesha, inezindleko ezishibhile zokusetha okungaguquki, futhi isebenza nohlu olukhula njalo lwezinto zokwakha. Umkhakha wobunjiniyela uyawusebenzisa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma wenza i-prototyping futhi uthuthukisa amajiyometri angasindi.

Ukukhiqiza okungeziwe kanye nokuphrinta kwe-3D

Igama elithi "3D printing" livame ukuxhunyaniswa nesiko lomenzi, izifundi kanye nabathandi, amaphrinta edeskithophu, amasu okuphrinta afinyelelekayo afana ne-FDM, nezinto ezingabizi njenge-ABS ne-PLA. Lokhu ngokwengxenye kungenxa yamaphrinta edeskithophu athengekayo avele kumnyakazo we-RepRap, njenge-MakerBot yasekuqaleni kanye ne-Ultimaker, ebambe iqhaza embusweni wentando yeningi wokuphrinta kwe-3D kanye ne-boom yokuphrinta ye-3D yango-2009.

Ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D: Ikusasa Lokukhiqiza Okusha

3Dukunyathelisaumlando

Imikhiqizo yomqondo wokuphrinta we-3D yaqala ngeminyaka yawo-1970s. Ngo-1981, usosayensi waseJapane uDkt. Kodama, owaba ngowokuqala ukuchaza indlela yokukhiqiza ukuphrinta kwe-lay-by-layer, wazama ukuphrinta kwe-3D, futhi wazidalela mathupha i-SLA (stereolithography) 3D yokuphrinta ubuchwepheshe-photosensitive resin polymerized by ultraviolet light.

Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, usosayensi waseMelika uCharles Hull naye wenza ucwaningo olunzulu ngobuchwepheshe be-SLA, futhi wahambisa ilungelo lobunikazi lokuqala le-SLA ngo-1986. Isungulwe i-3D Systems futhi yakhulula umkhiqizo wabo wokuqala wezohwebo, i-SLA-1, ngo-1988. (isithombe esingezansi)

I-SLA kungashiwo ukuthi iwubuchwepheshe bokuqala bokuphrinta be-3D, ngakho-ke kwenzeka nini kamuva i-SLS (Selective Laser Sintering) kanye ne-FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) kamuva.

Ngo-1988, u-American Carl Deckard wagunyaza ubuchwepheshe be-SLS eNyuvesi yaseTexas, okungenye indlela yokunyathelisa ye-3D lapho i-laser endaweni ihlanganisa izinhlayiya zempushana ukuze iphrinte. Ngawo lowo nyaka, uScott Crump, omunye wabasunguli be-Stratasys, wafaka isicelo selungelo lobunikazi le-fused deposition modelling (FDM). Kusukela ngo-1980 kuya ku-1990, ubuchwepheshe obuthathu obuyinhloko bokuphrinta kwe-3D bonke babenelungelo lobunikazi, okuphawula ukuqala kwenkathi yentuthuko esheshayo kule mboni. .

E-Europe, i-EOS GmbH idale uhlelo lokuklama lokuphrinta kwe-3D: uhlelo lwe-Stereos.” Namuhla, amamodeli ayo aphrintiwe e-3D emkhakheni wezimboni asetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke kubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-SLS 3D (Selective Laser Sintering) kumapulasitiki nezinsimbi eziqashelwa ngaphakathi.

Ngo-1992, ilungelo lobunikazi be-FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) 3D lobuchwepheshe bokuphrinta lagunyazwa i-Stratasys, eyakha amaphrinta e-3D ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo ezahlukene zochwepheshe abaningi kanye nabantu ngabanye.

Kusukela ngo-1993 kuya ku-1999, kwavela ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene embonini yokunyathelisa ye-3D. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isofthiwe emisha ye-CAD, kanye nesofthiwe yokufanisa ye-3D yathuthukiswa, isibonelo, i-Sanders Prototype (manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-Solidscape) eyayingomunye wabahlanganyeli bokuqala abadaliwe.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuphrinta ze-3D ezinezinkundla eziningi

Ngo-2008, i-prosthetic yokuqala ephrintiwe ye-3D yaphuma, eyandisa nakakhulu isabelo sokuphrinta kwe-3D kwabezindaba. Abantu bathole ukuthi ukuphrinta kwe-3D akukwazi ukuphrinta izingxenye zendabuko kuphela kodwa futhi kusetshenziswe ekulungiseni umzimba womuntu. Le phrojekthi emangalisayo yokuphrinta ye-3D yezokwelapha ihlanganisa zonke izingxenye zesitho sebhayoloji futhi ingaphrintwa "njengoba injalo" ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa okulandelayo. Namuhla, kuhlanganiswe nokuskena kwe-3D, izitho zokufakelwa zezokwelapha eziphrintiwe ze-3D, kanye nama-orthotics ashibha futhi ayashesha ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zeziguli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lawa ma-prostheses aya ngokuya elungiswa futhi ajwayelana nokuma kwesiguli. Ukuphrinta kwe-3D kuletha amathuba amasha okwenza kube ngokwakho abantu abaningi. (engeza isithombe)

Unyaka wezi-2009 kwaba unyaka lapho amalungelo obunikazi e-FDM angena khona emkhakheni wokusetshenziswa kwabantu abaningi, okwavula indlela entsha yokuqanjwa okusha kwamaphrinta e-FDM 3D. Njengoba intengo yamaphrinta edeskithophu ye-3D yehla, abantu abaningi baye bakwazi ukunaka ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yokunyathelisa ye-3D.

Ngo-2013, uMongameli wase-US u-Barack Obama washo ukuphrinta kwe-3D ekhelini lakhe le-State of the Union njengendlela eyinhloko yokukhiqiza ikusasa, okwenza "ukuphrinta kwe-3D" kube yigama eliphelele. Manje, indawo yayo emqondweni womphakathi igqame kakhulu. Izinkampani eziningi kakhulu ezincane nezimaphakathi zisebenzisa i-prototyping eshibhile ehlinzekwa ukuphrinta kwe-3D, ikuhlanganisa ngokugcwele ekuphindaphindeni, ekusunguleni nasekukhiqizeni.

Imoto yomqondo wokuphrinta we-3D

Mayelana nezicelo zokwakha, izindlu eziphrintiwe ze-3D manje sezingokoqobo. Abantu bathuthele ezindlini eziphrintiwe ze-3D okokuqala ngqa ngo-2018. Indlu inendawo engamamitha-skwele angu-1022, okuhlala kuyo kakhulu. Kuthathe ingqikithi yezinsuku ezimbili ukuphrinta.

Uhlelo lokuhlukanisa lokuphrinta kwe-3D ngokufana nomehluko phakathi kokukhiqiza nokuphrinta kwe-3D

Thatha ibhola eligotshwe njengesibonelo. Kunezimbali ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili ebusweni. Uma icutshungulwa ngomshini wendabuko, izoba nzima kakhulu, futhi amaphethini kufanele ashintshwe ngamunye ngamunye. Futhi uma ukhetha ukuphrinta kwe-3D, akukho ukuchithwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ngakho-ke futhi inegama elibizwa ngokuthi ukukhiqiza okungeziwe, okusho ukuthi indlela yokuqongelela kancane kancane isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izingxenye zomzimba. Indlela yendabuko iwukwenza umbungu kuqala, bese ususa izinto ezingaphezulu, futhi izinto ezisele ziyisimo esidingekayo. Uma inkinga itholwa, kuyadingeka ukuvula isikhunta futhi siyiguqule; kuyilapho ukuphrinta kwe-3D kusebenzisa kancane kancane ukunqwabelana kwezinto, ungabona ngokushesha umkhiqizo oqediwe.

Ukwenziwa kobuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D

Ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D busetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izimboni. Okudingwa ukuphrinta kwe-3D akusiyo into ebonakalayo, kodwa imodeli yedijithali. Uma ufuna ukuphrinta i-3D into yangempela ephambi kwakho, kuzomele usebenzise ikhompuyutha ukuyimodela, noma usebenzise isithwebuli se-3D ukwenza kudijithali into yangempela, okungukuthi, imodeli ye-3D, futhi ungaphrinta izinto ngemizuzu eyishumi nanhlanu. Njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D buhlukaniswe izigaba ezine ezinkulu: i-FDM, i-DLP/SLA, ne-SLS.

I-SLS-- inqubo yokubumba i-laser sintering

I-SLS iyimpushana yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa encibilika ngaphansi kwezimo ezishisa kakhulu ze-laser irradiation. Sabalalisa ungqimba lwempushana emincane ebhentshini lokusebenzela, bese uskena ingxenye enqamulayo yongqimba nge-laser beam ukuze ukhuphule izinga lokushisa lifike endaweni encibilikayo, ukuze ubone ukucwiliswa nokubopha, ukuphinda ukusabalalisa impushana, ukucwilisa, ukugaya, nokomisa kuze kube yilapho imodeli yakhiwe. Eqinisweni, ukuphrinta kwe-3D ukuphrinta kwe-2D ngokuphindaphindiwe. Uma usika into izacile kakhulu, uzothola ukuthi ucezu ngalunye lunomumo. Uma uhlanganisa zonke izimo, uthola into yesakhiwo esinezinhlangothi ezintathu. Ngakho sisebenzisa ama-laser ukudweba ihluzo. Ukumelana nezingxenye ezibunjiwe ze-SLS endaweni ezungezile (izinga lokushisa, umswakama, nokugqwala kwamakhemikhali) kufana nalokho kwe-thermoplastic materials; kuyilapho ukumelana kwezingxenye ezibunjiwe ze-SLA kumpofu kakhulu, isibonelo, ama-workpieces e-SLA abunjwe nge-epoxy resin asengozini yomswakama kanye namakhemikhali. I-Corrosion, izothambisa futhi inyakaze endaweni engaphezu kuka-38°C, kodwa ukunemba kokwakheka kuphezulu.

Inqubo yokubumba ye-SLA -sterolithography

I-SLA ubuchwepheshe bokuphulukisa ukukhanya, obuthuthukisiwe eChina njengamanje. "I-Stereolithography" yilapho ugongolo lwe-laser luveza ukuma kongqimba lokuqala lwento engaphezulu kwe-resin ewuketshezi, bese isiteji sokukhiqiza sehliswa ibanga elithile (phakathi kuka-0.05-0.025mm), bese ungqimba oluqinile lucwiliswa ku-resin ewuketshezi, njalonjalo. I-resin esetshenzisiwe iyinhlaka ye-photosensitive, ezokwenza isimo esiqinile ngemva kokushiswa nge-laser beam, futhi imodeli eyakha iyashesha futhi inembile.

I-DLP-- stereolithography inqubo yokubumba

I-DLP digital light processing, eyaziwa ngokuthi ubuchwepheshe bokubunjwa kwe-laser. Ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-DLP 3D bunokufana okuningi nobuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-SLA 3D. Uma ukukhiqizwa kufaniswa nokudweba indingiliza ngepensela, khona-ke ubuchwepheshe be-SLA bulingana nokudweba ungqimba ngongqimba, kuyilapho i-DLP ilingana nokugxiviza ngokuqondile. Ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi esikuphishekelayo kunamaphuzu amabili abaluleke kakhulu, elilodwa elokusebenza kahle, kanti elinye yizindleko zezinto ezibonakalayo. Kukhona iphrinta ye-3D engaphrinta izikhathi ezingamakhulu ngokushesha kunokukhiqiza kwendabuko, okungukuthi, ubuchwepheshe bobuso nobuso, obuthuthukiswe inkampani yase-Shenzhen, i-Light Prism Technology. Kuthatha amahora angu-2-5 ukuphrinta ibhola elingenalutho ngokuphrinta kwe-FDM 3D okungokwesiko, futhi kuthatha ihora ngokushesha okukhulu, kodwa kuthatha cishe imizuzu eyi-10 kuphela ukuphrinta ngobuchwepheshe bakamuva bobuso nobuso. Ijubane lokuphrinta liyamangalisa. Uma lokhu kuphrinta kwe-3D sekusemakethe, Umthelela wobuciko bendabuko usemkhulu.

I-FDM --Fused Deposition Molding Process

Uma kuqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe be-DLP ne-SLS, ubuchwepheshe be-FDM abulula, ngakho bunababukeli abaningi futhi kulula ukungena emndenini. I-prototype yakhiwe ngokuqondile kusukela kudatha ye-3D CAD ngokusebenzisa impahla ye-thermoplastic ukuze ikhishwe ibe i-semi-molten filament, efakwa kusisekelo sesendlalelo ngesendlalelo. Izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe be-FDM yisakhiwo esilula semishini, ukuklama okulula, izindleko eziphansi zokukhiqiza, izindleko zokulungisa kanye nezindleko zempahla, futhi akukho ukungcoliswa kwemvelo. Ngakho-ke, i-FDM iphinde ibe ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kakhulu kumaphrinta we-3D wedeskithophu yasendlini. Kuyindlela yokuphrinta evamile, engasebenzisi i-laser futhi enezindleko eziphansi, kodwa ukunemba akuyona ephezulu futhi isivinini sokuphrinta sihamba kancane kakhulu. Lena indlela efinyeleleka kakhulu kuwo wonke umuntu, futhi ngokuvamile isetshenziswa emakethe yezemfundo.

Umthelela Wokuphrinta Kwe-3D Ekwenziweni Nobuciko Bendabuko

Izinzuzo zokuphrinta kwe-3D

(1) Ukwenza ngokwezifiso

Uma sithatha udokotela wamazinyo njengesibonelo, amazinyo awo wonke umuntu ahlukile, kodwa ukuphrinta kwe-3D kungaxazulula ukungqubuzana phakathi kokukhiqizwa okwenziwe ngezifiso kanye nokukhiqizwa okukhulu, futhi isisindo sikhiqiza izimila ezenziwe ngokwezifiso, izinsimbi, njll.

(2) isampula yesikhathi sangempela

Ngenxa yejubane elisheshayo lokuphrinta kwe-3D, umklami uklama inguqulo yomkhiqizo ekuseni, futhi umholi angabona umkhiqizo oqediwe emini, bese eklama enye inguqulo ngo-6 ntambama, futhi angabona umkhiqizo ophelile ngakusasa ekuseni, okusheshisa kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwesivinini semikhiqizo emisha. Uma kungeyona inkimbinkimbi ikakhulukazi, ukuphrinta kwe-3D kungakhiqiza imikhiqizo eqediwe emahoreni angu-3, ​​kuyilapho ukuqinisekiswa kwendabuko kuthatha amasonto angu-4-6 isikhathi ngasinye, ngakho-ke ijubane eliphelele lomklamo wezimboni nalo liyathuthukiswa.

(3) Akukho ukungcola

 Njengoba izinto zokusetshenziswa ezikhiqizwayo zonke zihambisana nemvelo, yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza iwukukhiqiza okungenakungcola. Akukho ukungcoliswa kwegesi engcolile namanzi angcolile, futhi akukho ukumoshwa kwezinto ezisele.

(4) Ukugcinwa kolwazi

Lapho ukuvuthwa kwamazinyo edijithali, izidingo zobuchwepheshe zodokotela zizoncishiswa kakhulu. Iziguli zidinga kuphela ukusebenzisa ithuluzi ukuskena imizuzu emibili esibhedlela, futhi zingakwazi ukwazi izimbangela nezixazululo zazo zonke izinkinga zamazinyo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphrinta kwe-3D kungabuye kusetshenziselwe ama-orthodontics, ukuphrinta ama-braces angokwezifiso kanye nezifiso ezibonakalayo. Ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa kwepulasitiki, ingabe amazinyo kufanele ahambe kwesokunxele noma phambili? Mangakhi amamilimitha okuhamba? Esikhathini esidlule, ukuhlinza amazinyo kwakuncike kuphela kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu kadokotela, kodwa amazinyo edijithali akhulise ukuzinza kokuhlinza futhi kwehlisa umkhawulo wezobuchwepheshe kodokotela.

(5) Ngokushesha

 Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinqubo ezivamile zezimboni, ukuphrinta kwe-3D akudingi amalungiselelo okuqala njengabasebenzi kanye nezokuthutha. Idinga kuphela imishini nezinto zokusetshenziswa, futhi ingafakwa ekukhiqizeni ngokushesha.

(6) Okuzenzakalelayo

 Kungashiwo ukuthi kunephrinta eyodwa kuphela ye-3D phakathi komcabango obonakalayo kanye nento yangempela. Ukukhiqizwa kokhiye owodwa wokuphrinta kwe-3D kusindisa izindleko eziningi zabasebenzi namaphutha abantu.