Kodi kusindikiza kwa 3D kumagwira ntchito bwanji?

Njira imodzi yopangira zowonjezera ndi kusindikiza kwa 3D. Ndi "chowonjezera" chifukwa chimangounjika ndi kusakaniza zigawo za zinthu kuti apange zinthu zenizeni m'malo mofuna chipika cha zinthu kapena nkhungu. Itha kupanga ma geometri ovuta kwambiri kuposa matekinoloje "odziwika", nthawi zambiri imakhala yachangu, imakhala ndi ndalama zotsika mtengo zokhazikika, ndipo imagwira ntchito ndi zida zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira. Gawo laumisiri limagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, makamaka popanga ma prototyping ndikupanga ma geometri opepuka.

Kupanga kowonjezera ndi kusindikiza kwa 3D

Mawu oti "3D printing" nthawi zambiri amalumikizidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha opanga, osachita masewera ndi okonda, osindikiza apakompyuta, njira zosindikizira zopezeka ngati FDM, ndi zida zotsika mtengo monga ABS ndi PLA. Izi zili choncho chifukwa cha osindikiza apakompyuta otsika mtengo omwe adatuluka mugulu la RepRap, monga MakerBot yoyambirira ndi Ultimaker, zomwe zidathandizira demokalase ya kusindikiza kwa 3D ndi kusindikiza kwa 2009 3D.

Ukatswiri Wosindikiza wa 3D: Tsogolo la Zopanga Zatsopano

3Dkusindikizambiri

Zogulitsa za 3D zosindikiza zidayamba mu 1970s. Mu 1981, wasayansi Japanese Dr. Kodama, amene anali woyamba kufotokoza wosanjikiza-ndi-wosanjikiza kusindikiza njira kupanga, anayesa 3D yosindikiza, ndipo payekha analenga SLA (stereolithography) 3D kusindikiza luso-photosensitive utomoni polymerized ndi ultraviolet kuwala.

Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, wasayansi waku America Charles Hull adachitanso kafukufuku wozama paukadaulo wa SLA, ndipo adapereka chilolezo choyamba cha SLA ku 1986. Anakhazikitsa 3D Systems ndipo adatulutsa malonda awo oyamba, SLA-1, mu 1988. (chithunzi pansipa)

SLA ikhoza kunenedwa kuti ndiyo teknoloji yosindikizira ya 3D yoyambirira kwambiri, choncho ndi liti pamene SLS (Selective Laser Sintering) ndi FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) pambuyo pake

Mu 1988, American Carl Deckard anali ndi luso laukadaulo la SLS ku yunivesite ya Texas, yomwe ndi njira ina yosindikizira ya 3D momwe laser yakomweko imaphatikiza tinthu tating'ono ta ufa kuti tisindikize. M’chaka chomwecho, Scott Crump, mmodzi mwa omwe anayambitsa Stratasys, anafunsira patent ya fused deposition modelling (FDM). Kuchokera mu 1980 mpaka 1990, matekinoloje atatu akuluakulu osindikizira a 3D onse anali ovomerezeka, kusonyeza chiyambi cha nthawi yachitukuko chofulumira pamakampani awa. .

Ku Ulaya, EOS GmbH inapanga dongosolo lopangira makina osindikizira a 3D: dongosolo la Stereos. Lero, zitsanzo zake zosindikizidwa za 3D m'magulu a mafakitale zimagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi pa teknoloji yosindikizira ya SLS 3D (Selective Laser Sintering) ya pulasitiki ndi zitsulo zodziwika mu.

Mu 1992, FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) 3D ukadaulo wosindikiza patent idavomerezedwa ndi Stratasys, yomwe idapanga osindikiza a 3D kuti akwaniritse zosowa zosiyanasiyana za akatswiri ambiri komanso anthu pawokha.

Kuchokera mu 1993 mpaka 1999, umisiri wosiyanasiyana unatuluka mumakampani osindikizira a 3D. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mapulogalamu atsopano a CAD, ndi mapulogalamu a 3D modelling adapangidwa, mwachitsanzo, Sanders Prototype (yomwe tsopano imatchedwa Solidscape) yomwe inali imodzi mwa anthu oyambirira omwe adalengedwa.

3D yosindikiza ntchito zamitundu yambiri

Mu 2008, prosthetic yoyamba yosindikizidwa ya 3D idatuluka, yomwe idakulitsanso gawo la kusindikiza kwa 3D pazofalitsa. Anthu adapeza kuti kusindikiza kwa 3D sikungosindikiza zigawo zachikhalidwe komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakukonza thupi la munthu. Pulojekiti yodabwitsa yachipatala ya 3D yosindikiza iyi imaphatikiza mbali zonse za nthambi yachilengedwe ndipo imatha kusindikizidwa "monga momwe ziliri" popanda msonkhano wotsatira. Masiku ano, kuphatikiza ndi sikani ya 3D, ma prosthes azachipatala osindikizidwa a 3D, ndi ma orthotics akutsika mtengo komanso mwachangu kuti akwaniritse zosowa za odwala. Kuphatikiza apo, ma prostheseswa amakongoletsedwa bwino ndikusinthidwa kuti agwirizane ndi momwe wodwalayo alili. Kusindikiza kwa 3D kumabweretsa mipata yatsopano yosinthira makonda. (onjezani chithunzi)

2009 chinali chaka chomwe ma Patent a FDM adalowa m'munda wogwiritsa ntchito anthu ambiri, zomwe zidatsegula njira yatsopano yopangira zida zatsopano zosindikizira za FDM 3D. Pamene mtengo wa makina osindikizira apakompyuta a 3D unatsika, anthu ambiri anatha kumvetsera chitukuko cha makina osindikizira a 3D.

Mu 2013, Purezidenti wa US, Barack Obama, adatchula kusindikiza kwa 3D mu adilesi yake ya State of the Union ngati njira yayikulu yopangira zamtsogolo, zomwe zidapangitsa "kusindikiza kwa 3D" kukhala mawu omveka bwino. Tsopano, malo ake mu malingaliro a anthu ndi otchuka kwambiri. Makampani ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati akugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wotsika mtengo wopangidwa ndi kusindikiza kwa 3D, ndikuphatikizanso munjira zawo zobwerezabwereza, zatsopano komanso zopanga.

Galimoto yosindikiza ya 3D

Ponena za ntchito yomanga, nyumba zosindikizidwa za 3D tsopano ndi zenizeni. Anthu adasamukira ku nyumba zosindikizidwa za 3D kwa nthawi yoyamba mu 2018. Nyumbayi ili ndi malo a 1022 square feet, omwe amakhala omasuka kwambiri. Zinatenga masiku awiri okwana kuti asindikize.

Dongosolo lamagulu osindikizira a 3D pazofanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa kupanga ndi kusindikiza kwa 3D

Tengani mpira wotsekedwa mwachitsanzo. Pamwambapa pali maluwa opitilira khumi. Ngati ikonzedwa ndi makina achikhalidwe, imakhala yovuta kwambiri, ndipo mapangidwewo ayenera kusinthidwa chimodzi ndi chimodzi. Ndipo ngati mutasankha kusindikiza kwa 3D, palibe kuwononga zinthu, kotero ilinso ndi dzina lotchedwa zowonjezera kupanga, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti njira yopangira zinthu pang'onopang'ono imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ziwalo za thupi. Njira yachikhalidwe ndiyo kupanga mwana wosabadwayo poyamba, kenako kuchotsa zinthu zochulukirapo, ndipo zotsalazo ndi mawonekedwe ofunikira. Ngati vuto lipezeka, ndikofunikira kutsegula nkhungu ndikusintha; pomwe kusindikiza kwa 3D kumagwiritsa ntchito pang'onopang'ono kudzikundikira zinthu, mutha kuwona mwachangu zomwe zamalizidwa.

Kuzindikira ukadaulo wosindikiza wa 3D

Ukadaulo wosindikiza wa 3D umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafakitale. Zomwe kusindikiza kwa 3D kumafunika kugwiritsa ntchito sizinthu zakuthupi, koma chitsanzo cha digito. Ngati mukufuna 3D kusindikiza chinthu chenicheni chili patsogolo panu, ndiye kuti muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kompyuta kuchitsanzo, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito scanner ya 3D kuti mupange digito chinthu chenichenicho, ndiko kuti, 3D model, ndipo mutha kusindikiza zinthu mu mphindi khumi ndi zisanu. Pakalipano, luso losindikiza la 3D lagawidwa m'magulu anayi akuluakulu: FDM, DLP/SLA, ndi SLS.

SLS-- laser sintering akamaumba ndondomeko

SLS ndi ufa waukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri womwe umasungunuka ndi kutentha kwambiri kwa kuwala kwa laser. Falitsani wosanjikiza wa ufa wochepa thupi pa workbench, ndi kusanthula mtanda gawo la wosanjikiza ndi laser mtengo kukweza kutentha kwa malo osungunuka, kuti kuzindikira sintering ndi kugwirizana, kubwereza ufa kufalitsa, sintering, akupera, ndi kuyanika mpaka chitsanzo chapangidwa. M'malo mwake, kusindikiza kwa 3D ndikusindikiza kwa 2D mobwerezabwereza. Mukadula chinthu choonda kwambiri, mupeza kuti chidutswa chilichonse chili ndi mawonekedwe ake. Mukayika mawonekedwe onse pamodzi, mumapeza chinthu chamagulu atatu. Chifukwa chake timagwiritsa ntchito ma lasers kujambula zithunzi. Kukaniza kwa magawo opangidwa ndi SLS ku chilengedwe (kutentha, chinyezi, ndi dzimbiri zamankhwala) ndizofanana ndi zida za thermoplastic; pamene kukana kwa SLA kuumbidwa mbali ndi osauka, mwachitsanzo, SLA workpieces kuumbidwa ndi epoxy utomoni atengeke chinyezi ndi mankhwala. Zidzimbiri, zimafewetsa ndikuzungulira m'malo opitilira 38 ° C, koma kulondola kwake kumakhala kwakukulu.

SLA --stereolithography kuumba njira

SLA ndiukadaulo wochiritsa kuwala, womwe umapangidwa ku China pakadali pano. "Stereolithography" ndi pamene mtengo wa laser umasonyeza mawonekedwe oyambirira a chinthucho pamwamba pa utomoni wamadzimadzi, ndiyeno nsanja yopangira imatsitsidwa ndi mtunda wina (pakati pa 0.05-0.025mm), ndiyeno wosanjikiza wokhazikika umamizidwa mu utomoni wamadzimadzi, ndi zina zotero. Utoto womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi utomoni wa photosensitive, womwe umapanga malo olimba pambuyo poyatsidwa ndi mtengo wa laser, ndipo mawonekedwe opangirawo ndi ofulumira komanso olondola.

DLP-- Stereolithography akamaumba njira

DLP digito kuwala processing, wotchedwa laser kuumba luso. Ukadaulo wosindikiza wa DLP 3D uli ndi zofanana zambiri ndiukadaulo wosindikiza wa SLA 3D. Ngati kupanga kukufaniziridwa ndi kujambula bwalo ndi pensulo, ndiye kuti teknoloji ya SLA ndi yofanana ndi kujambula wosanjikiza ndi wosanjikiza, pamene DLP ndi yofanana ndi kupondaponda mwachindunji. Kupanga kochuluka komwe tikutsata kuli ndi mfundo ziwiri zofunika kwambiri, imodzi ndikuchita bwino, ndipo inayo ndi mtengo wazinthu. Pali chosindikizira cha 3D chomwe chimatha kusindikiza kambirimbiri mwachangu kuposa kupanga kwachikhalidwe, ndiko kuti, ukadaulo wapamaso ndi maso, womwe wapangidwa ndi kampani ku Shenzhen, Light Prism Technology. Zimatenga maola 2-5 kuti musindikize mpira wopanda kanthu wokhala ndi zosindikizira zachikhalidwe za FDM 3D, ndipo zimatenga ola limodzi mwachangu kwambiri, koma zimangotenga mphindi 10 kuti musindikize ndiukadaulo waposachedwa wapamaso ndi maso. Liwiro losindikiza ndilodabwitsa. Kusindikiza kwa 3D kumeneku kukakhala pamsika, Kukhudzidwa kwa zaluso zachikhalidwe kumakhalabe kwakukulu.

FDM --Fused Deposition Molding process

Poyerekeza ndi matekinoloje a DLP ndi SLS, teknoloji ya FDM ndi yosavuta, choncho imakhala ndi anthu ambiri ndipo imakhala yosavuta kulowa m'banja. Chojambulacho chimapangidwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku data ya 3D CAD pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu za thermoplastic kuti zitulutsidwe mu ulusi wosungunuka, womwe umayikidwa pamtunda-ndi-wosanjikiza. Ubwino waukadaulo wa FDM ndi mawonekedwe osavuta amakina, kapangidwe kosavuta, mtengo wotsika wopanga, mtengo wokonza ndi mtengo wazinthu, komanso kusaipitsa chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, FDM ndiyonso ukadaulo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazosindikiza zapanyumba za 3D. Ndi njira yachikhalidwe yosindikizira, yomwe sigwiritsa ntchito laser ndipo ili ndi mtengo wotsika, koma kulondola sikokwera ndipo liwiro losindikiza ndilochepa kwambiri. Iyi ndiye njira yomwe imapezeka kwa aliyense, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamsika wamaphunziro.

Zotsatira za Kusindikiza kwa 3D pa Kupanga ndi Kujambula Zachikhalidwe

Ubwino wosindikiza wa 3D

(1) Kusintha Mwamakonda Anu

Kutenga mano mwachitsanzo, mano a aliyense ndi osiyana, koma kusindikiza kwa 3D kumatha kuthetsa kusamvana pakati pa kupanga makonda ndi kupanga misa, ndipo misa imapanga ma implants, ma braces, ndi zina zambiri.

(2) chitsanzo cha nthawi yeniyeni

Chifukwa cha liwiro lachangu la kusindikiza kwa 3D, mlengiyo amapanga mtundu wa mankhwalawo m'mawa, ndipo mtsogoleriyo amatha kuwona chomaliza masana, ndiyeno amapangira mtundu wina pa 6 koloko masana, ndipo amatha kuwona chomaliza m'mawa wotsatira, chomwe chimathandizira kwambiri kukula kwa zinthu zatsopano. Ngati sizovuta kwambiri, kusindikiza kwa 3D kumatha kutulutsa zinthu zomalizidwa m'maola atatu, pomwe kutsimikizira kwachikhalidwe kumatenga masabata 4-6 nthawi iliyonse, kotero liwiro lonse la mapangidwe a mafakitale limakhalanso bwino.

(3) Palibe kuipitsa

 Popeza kuti zinthu zonse zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zokometsera zachilengedwe, njira yonse yopangira ndi kupanga yopanda kuipitsa. Palibe kuipitsidwa kwa gasi wotayidwa ndi madzi otayidwa, ndipo palibe kuwononga zinthu zotsalira.

(4) Kusunga deta

Udokotala wamano wa digito ukakhwima, zofunikira zaukadaulo za madokotala zidzachepetsedwa kwambiri. Odwala amangofunika kugwiritsa ntchito chida chojambulira kwa mphindi ziwiri m'chipatala, ndipo amatha kudziwa zomwe zimayambitsa ndi zothetsera mavuto onse a mano.

Kuphatikiza apo, kusindikiza kwa 3D kutha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati orthodontics, kusindikiza makonda anu komanso makonda owoneka bwino. Pa opaleshoni ya pulasitiki, kodi mano azisunthira kumanzere kapena kutsogolo? Mamilimita angati asunthe? M'mbuyomu, opaleshoni ya mano idangodalira zomwe adokotala adakumana nazo, koma zamankhwala am'mano a digito zawonjezera kukhazikika kwa opaleshoniyo ndikutsitsa luso la madokotala.

(5) Mofulumira

 Poyerekeza ndi miyambo yamafakitale, kusindikiza kwa 3D sikufuna kukonzekera koyambirira monga ogwira ntchito ndi zoyendera. Zimangofunika makina ndi zida zopangira, ndipo zimatha kupangidwa mwachangu.

(6) Zochita zokha

 Zinganenedwe kuti pali chosindikizira chimodzi cha 3D pakati pa malingaliro enieni ndi chinthu chenicheni. Kupanga chinsinsi chimodzi cha kusindikiza kwa 3D kumapulumutsa ndalama zambiri zantchito ndi zolakwika za anthu.