Iyo Yakakwana Nhungamiro yePowder Metal
Chii chinonzi Powdered Metals?
Tsanangudzo uye Zvinokosha
Powder simbi (PM) zvikamu zvinogadzirwa kubva kune yakanyatso simbi hupfu iyo yakatsikirirwa uye kunyungudutswa kuti iwane chimiro chayo chekupedzisira. Izvi zvakatosiyana nezvikamu zvakakandwa, zvinotanga hupenyu hwazvo sesimbi yakanyungudutswa, kana kubva kumichina kana zvidimbu zvefogi, zvinotanga sesimbi. Iyo poda simbi yekugadzira maitiro inoita kuti zvikwanise kugadzira zvikamu zvine yakanyanya kuoma geometry. Kunyange zvikamu zvakadaro zvichigona kugadzirwa kuburikidza nekukandira kana machining, mutengo wekugadzira unowedzera zvakanyanya sezvo kuoma kunowedzera. Zvikamu zvePM, zvisinei, zvinoramba zvichidhura kunyangwe zvine majeometri akaomarara uye zvinogona kugadzira zvikamu zvisingaite kugadzirwa uchishandisa chero dzimwe nzira.
Net kana Near Net Manufacturing
Imwe bhenefiti yakakosha yehupfu simbi ndeyekuti mambure kana padhuze-mambure ekugadzira maitiro anokonzeresa kushoma tsvina. Panzvimbo pekubvisa geometry uye zvigadzirwa kugadzira chikamu, PM haitambise chero simbi, ichiita kuti ive yakanyanya kushanda uye inochengetedza nharaunda. Nekuti PM inodyidzana zvakanyanya nekugadzirwa kwekombuta-inobatsira, zvikamu zvinogona kugadzirwa kuti panguva imwe chete zviwedzere huremu, simba, kuoma, uye kuoma. Izvi zvakakosha pakushandiswa mumaindasitiri akadai seaerospace, uko huremu hunofanirwa kudzikiswa.
Powder Metal Manufacturing Process
Kugadzirwa kwehupfu
Zvakajairwa PM zvikamu zvinogadzirwa mumatanho matatu ekutanga: kusanganiswa kwesimbi hupfu (pulverization), kufa compaction, uye sintering yechigadzirwa. Mamwe matanho ekupisa kupisa anogona kudiwa mushure mekunyungudika kuti awane kukwana kwakakodzera, zviyero, uye kupera kwepasi.
Pulverization uye Sieving
Pulverization uye sieving inogadzirira simbi hupfu kuti ishandiswe muPM. Hupfu hunogona kusiyanisa mune ese maumbirwo (mamwe akagadzirwa kuti ave spherical) uye saizi. Metallic poda inogona kugadzirwa nenzira dzakasiyana siyana, kusanganisira kukuya, kupwanya, electrolytic deposition, kemikari kuita, uye atomization. Saizi uye chimiro chezvimedu zvinhu zvakakosha pakugadzira chikamu chekugadzira nePM nzira.
Die Compaction
Die compaction inopedzwa uchishandisa huwandu hwakafanotemerwa hwekumanikidza pane tembiricha yekamuri. Iyo hupfu inotsikirirwa mufa kuti iite chimiro chaunoda.
Sintering
Sintering inosanganisira kudziyisa hupfu hwakasanganiswa patembiricha yakakwira pasi pemamiriro emuchadenga. Iyi nzira inobatanidza hupfu hwehupfu pamwe chete, kuwedzera kusimba uye kuwanda kwezvinhu. Sekondari kupisa maitiro anowanzo shandiswa kusimudzira michina zvimiro uye dimensional chaiyo.
Yepamberi Powder Metal Maitiro
Traditional PM Maitiro
Maitiro akati wandei ePM akagadzirwa kubva kuma1940s, anosanganisira poda yekugadzira, inopisa isostatic kudzvanya (HIP), simbi jekiseni molding (MIM), uye magetsi ezvino akabatsira sintering (ECAS).
Powder Forging
Mukugadzira hupfu, pre-fomu inogadzirwa uchishandisa yakajairwa kudhinda uye sinter nzira, asi chikamu chinobva chapisa uye chinopisa chakagadzirwa, zvichikonzera chikamu chakazara-density chine se-yakagadzirwa zvivakwa.
Kupisa Isostatic Kudzvanya (HIP)
HIP inosanganisira kuisa poda mugaba resimbi, iyo inobva yavharwa-yakavharwa uye inoiswa pasi pekushisa kwakanyanya uye kumanikidzwa mune inopisa isostatic press. Iyi nzira inoburitsa chikamu chakapedzwa chine chimiro chakakodzera uye kuzara kwakazara.
Metal Injection Molding (MIM)
MIM inosanganisa spherical metal poda nepurasitiki kana wax binder, kugadzira chikamu chiri pedyo-chakasimba chinoumbwa jekiseni. Mushure mekuita debindering uye sintering, chikamu chinowana yakakwira density uye yakaoma geometry.
Magetsi Iyezvino Anobatsirwa Sintering (ECAS)
ECAS inoshandisa magetsi emagetsi kuti iwedzere kuwanda kwehupfu, zvakanyanya kuderedza kupisa kunodiwa kuchengetedza simba uye kuwanda kwechikamu chekupedzisira. Iyi nzira inokodzera zvimiro zviri nyore.
Additive Manufacturing (AM)
Kuwedzera kugadzira (AM), kanasimbi 3D kudhinda, inzira itsva yePM. Iyo inovaka zvidimbu zvakaturikidzana nelaser sintering kana kunyunguduka kwesimbi poda, ichibvumira kune yakaoma kwazvo geometries uye kugadzirisa. AM inoshandiswa kune prototypes uye anoshanda zvikamu muaerospace, zvekurapa, uye maindasitiri emotokari.
AM Nzira
- Electron Beam Manufacturing (EBM): Inoshandisa danda reerekitironi kupinza hupfu hwesimbi mune vacuum, kudzivirira oxidation.
- Yakananga Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS): Inoshandisa danda relaser mune argon atmosphere kupinza simbi poda, kugadzira zvikamu zvakanyatsojeka.
Zvishandiso uye Zvakanakira zvePowder Metal
Indasitiri Applications
Aerospace Industry
PM inoshandiswa kureruka, yakakwirira-simba zvikamu mumhepo. Makambani akadai Nhoroondo ye Carpenter Technology Corporation nyanzvi mune yepamusoro PM matekinoroji echikamu ichi.
Automotive Industry
PM zvikamu zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muinjini dzemotokari, kutapurirana, uye magiya, zvichipa yakanakisa kupfeka kuramba uye simba. GKN Sinter Metals ndiye mutengesi anotungamira mune ino indasitiri.
Mishonga Yezvokurapa
PM yakanakira ma implants ekurapa uye ma prosthetics nekuda kweiyo biocompatibility. Makambani akadai Zimmer Biomet wedzera PM kune zvemhando yepamusoro michina yekurapa.
Electronics
Mune zvemagetsi, PM inogadzira magineti zvinhu, conductive zvikamu, uye yakakwirira-inoshanda zvikamu.Iyo kambani Hitachi Powdered Metals Co., Ltd. inozivikanwa nekushandisa kwayo hunyanzvi hwePM muzvikamu zvemagetsi.
Zvakanakira Powder Metal
Kubudirira Kwezvinhu
PM inoderedza tsvina yezvinhu, ichiita kuti ive inoshanda uye yakagadzikana yekugadzira maitiro.
Complex Geometries
PM inobvumira kugadzirwa kweakaomesesa maumbirwo ayo akaoma kana asingagoneke kuwana nenzira dzakajairika.
Consistent Properties
Hunhu hunodzorwa hwePM hunova nechokwadi chekuenderana uye fungidziro yezvivakwa, yakakosha kune yakakwirira-kuita maapplication.
Mutengo-Kubudirira
PM inodhura-inoshanda pakugadzirwa kwakakura, ichipa kuchengetedza kwakakosha muzvinhu uye mutengo wekugadzirisa.
Matambudziko uye Nenguva Yemberi
Matambudziko Ounyanzvi
- Porosity Control: Kugadzirisa uye kuderedza porosity kuti ive nechokwadi chekutendeseka uye kusimba kwechigadzirwa chekupedzisira.
- Kufanana kweZvivakwa: Kuwana yunifomu yezvinhu zvimiro muchikamu chose, kunyanya mumhando dzakaoma.
Zvitsva uye Mafambiro Emangwana
- Additive Manufacturing: Kubatanidza PM nekuwedzera kugadzira kugadzira yakaoma, tsika zvikamu zvine tsvina shoma.
- Nanoparticle Applications: Kushandisa nanoparticles muPM kusimudzira zvivakwa zvezvinhu uye kugonesa maapplication matsva.
Mhedziso
Upfu metallurgyinyanzvi yekugadzira tekinoroji inopa akawanda mabhenefiti, kubva pakuita zvakanaka kwezvinhu kusvika pakukwanisa kugadzira maumbirwo akaomarara. Sezvo maindasitiri achiramba achida zvinhu zvepamusoro-soro, remangwana rehupfu simbi rinotaridzika kuvimbisa, nekuenderera mberi kwekuvandudza uye kuvandudzwa. Vashandi vemaindasitiri vanokurudzirwa kuti vafunge nezveupfu simbi kune zvavanoda kugadzira, vachisimudzira mabhenefiti ayo akasiyana kuti vawane mhedzisiro yepamusoro.
References
- Yakazara runyorwa rwezvinyorwa, zvinyorwa, uye zvidzidzo zvepoda metallurgy kuti uwedzere kuverenga uye kunzwisisa kwakadzama.