Bambanci tsakanin bakin karfe 316 da 316L
Gabatarwa
Menene bakin karfe? Bakin karfe wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da 12% chromium ko fiye da 8% nickel ana kiransa da bakin karfe.
Irin wannan karfe yana da wani juriya na lalata a cikin yanayi ko kafofin watsa labarai masu lalata kuma yana da ƙarfi mafi girma a yanayin zafi (> 450 ℃). Karfe mai abun ciki na chromium na kashi 16% zuwa 18% ana kiransa karfe mai jure acid ko bakin karfe mai juriya kuma ana kiransa bakin karfe. Lokacin da abun ciki na chromium a cikin karfe ya fi 12%, wani Layer na chromium-rich passivation film da sauri yana samuwa a kan farfajiyar saboda aikin electrochemical a cikin hulɗa tare da oxidizing kafofin watsa labarai don kare ciki na karfe daga lalata; amma a cikin wadanda ba oxidizing m kafofin watsa labarai, shi ne har yanzu wuya a samar da wani m passivation fim. Don haɓaka juriya na lalata na ƙarfe, yawancin chromium yawanci yana ƙaruwa, ko kuma ana ƙara abubuwan gami waɗanda zasu iya haɓaka haɓakawa, kamar Ni, Mo, Mn, Cu, Nb, Ti, W, Co, da sauransu.
Wadannan abubuwa ba kawai inganta lalata juriya na karfe ba amma kuma suna canza tsarin ciki da kuma kayan aikin jiki da na inji na karfe. Daban-daban abubuwan da ke cikin waɗannan abubuwan gami a cikin ƙarfe suna da tasiri daban-daban akan kaddarorin bakin karfe.
Wasu na maganadisu ne, wasu kuma ba na maganadisu ba, wasu za a iya yi musu maganin zafi, wasu kuma ba za a iya yi musu maganin zafi ba. Saboda halaye na sama na bakin karfe, ana ƙara yin amfani da shi a cikin jiragen sama, sararin samaniya, sinadarai, man fetur, gini, abinci da sauran sassan masana'antu da rayuwar yau da kullun. Abubuwan da aka haɗa a ciki suna da tasiri mai yawa akan injin, kuma wasu suna da wuyar yankewa.
Don taimaka wa masu karatu su fi fahimta da zaɓar kayan da ke aiki a gare su, wannan labarin zai yi cikakken bayani game da bambance-bambance tsakanin 316 da 316L bakin karfe. 316 karamin bakin karfe ne mai karamin carbon tare da darajar gida 0Cr17Ni12Mo2, yayin da 316L bakin karfe ne mai ƙarancin ƙarancin carbon tare da ƙimar gida 00Cr17Ni14Mo2. A bayyane yake cewa yayin da 316L ya fi tsayayya da lalata, 316 yana da ingantattun halayen injiniya.
Bambance-bambance tsakanin 316 da 316L bakin karfe sune kamar haka:
Bakin karfe 316 da 316L sune wadanda ke dauke da molybdenum. 316L bakin karfe ya ƙunshi ɗan ƙaramin molybdenum fiye da bakin karfe 316. Idan aka kwatanta da bakin karfe 310 da 304, wannan karfe yana aiki da kyau gabaɗaya saboda molybdenum da ke cikinsa. Lokacin da abun ciki na sulfuric acid ya kasance tsakanin 15% zuwa 85% a yanayin zafi mai zafi, 316 bakin karfe za a iya amfani dashi don dalilai daban-daban. Wuraren ruwa akai-akai suna amfani da bakin karfe 316 saboda tsananin juriya ga lalata chlorine.
Lokacin da ake buƙatar mafi girman juriya da lalata bayan walda, 316L bakin karfe, wanda ke da matsakaicin abun ciki na carbon na 0.03 bisa dari, ana iya amfani da shi.
316 VS 316L Haɗin sinadarai (ƙarashin juzu'i,%)
| Nau'in | Mn | P | C | Kuma | maX | Cr | A ciki | Domin | sauran |
| 316 | 0.08 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 16-18 | 10-14 | 2-3 | - |
| 316l | 0.03 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 16-18 | 10-14 | 2-3 | - |
Juriya na lalata:
A cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara da tsarin samar da takarda, yana da kyakkyawan juriya na lalata, wanda ya wuce 304 bakin karfe. Bugu da ƙari, lalata daga gurbataccen muhallin masana'antu da yanayin teku ba zai iya lalata bakin karfe 316 ba.
Juriya mai zafi:
316 bakin karfe yana tsayayya da iskar oxygen da kyau lokacin da ake amfani da shi akai-akai ƙasa da digiri 1700 kuma a lokaci guda ƙasa da digiri 1600. 316 bakin karfe yana da kyakkyawan juriya na zafi lokacin da ake amfani dashi akai-akai a waje da kewayon zafin jiki na 800-1575, kodayake ya fi dacewa kada a yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan kewayon cikin yini. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na sama ya dace da bakin karfe 316L, wanda ya fi juriya ga hazo carbide fiye da 316 bakin karfe.
Maganin zafi:
Anneal tsakanin 1850 da 2050 digiri, sa'an nan anneal da sauri kafin sanyi da sauri. Yawan zafi ba zai taurare bakin karfe 316 ba.
Walda:
316 bakin karfe yana aiki da kyau idan yazo da walda. Ana iya amfani da duk dabarun walda na gama gari don walda shi. Dangane da aikace-aikacen, ana iya amfani da na'urorin lantarki na bakin karfe ko sandunan filler da aka yi da 316Cb, 316L, ko 309Cb don waldawa. Bayan waldawa, dole ne a goge sashin bakin karfe na 316 don samun mafi girman juriya na lalata. Bayan-weld annealing ba lallai ba ne lokacin amfani da bakin karfe 316L.
Amfani na yau da kullun:
| Lambar bakin karfe | Haɗin sinadarai (ƙaƙƙarfan juzu'i)/% | Ayyukan anti-lalata |
| Ayyukan jiki da sinadarai | fasali | Masana'antar Aikace-aikace |
| SUS316 06Cr17Ni12Mo2 | C≤0.08; Si≤0.75; Mn≤2.00; P≤0.040; S≤0.030; Lokaci: 10.00-14.00; Kr: 16.00-18.00; Lokaci: 2.00-3.00 | Yana da kyakkyawan juriya na lalata da juriya mai zafi kuma ana iya amfani dashi a ƙarƙashin yanayi mara kyau. |
| Yana da kyakkyawan juriya na lalata, filastik, tauri, ƙarfin zafin jiki, nakasar sanyi da aikin walda. | Ƙarfin juriya mai ƙarfi, kyakkyawan ƙarfin zafin jiki mai ƙarfi, da ingantaccen aikin walda. | An yi amfani da shi don ruwan sha, ruwan sha, ruwan sanyi, ruwan zafi, gas, iskar gas, kayan aikin ruwa na teku, sinadarai, man fetur, yin takarda, oxalic acid, kayan aikin taki, daukar hoto, masana'antar abinci, wuraren bakin teku. |
| Saukewa: SUS316L 022Cr17Ni12Mo2 | C≤0.030; Si≤0.75; Mn≤2.00; P≤0.040; S≤0.030; Lokaci: 10.00-14.00; Kr: 16.00-18.00; Lokaci: 2.00-3.00 | Rashin juriya na lalata ya fi 316, amma ƙarfin zafin jiki ya ɗan fi muni, don haka ana iya amfani dashi a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai tsanani. |
| Yana da kyakkyawan juriya na lalata, ƙarfi, filastik, tauri, ƙirar sanyi da kyakkyawan aikin ƙarancin zafin jiki. | Juriya na lalata ya fi SUS316, amma ƙarfin zafin jiki ya ɗan fi muni. | An yi amfani da shi don ruwan sha, ruwan sha, ruwan sanyi, ruwan zafi, gas, iskar gas, kayan aikin ruwa na teku, sinadarai, man fetur, yin takarda, oxalic acid, kayan aikin taki, daukar hoto, masana'antar abinci, wuraren bakin teku. |
316 da 316L Bakin Karfe vs. 304
Bakin karfe na yau da kullun da ake amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar kayan aiki da sassan da ke buƙatar samun kyawawan halaye na gabaɗaya (kamar juriya da haɓakawa) shine 304.
Dangane da juriyar lalata sinadarai, 304 da 316 bakin karfe da wuya sun bambanta da juna, kodayake akwai wasu bambance-bambancen kafofin watsa labarai.
A karkashin wasu yanayi, 304, bakin karfe na farko da aka kirkira, yana da saukin kamuwa da lalata. Ƙarin 2-3% na molybdenum na iya rage wannan hankali, wanda zai haifar da 316. Wannan karin molybdenum kuma zai iya rage lalata da wasu zafi na kwayoyin acid ke haifarwa.
A cikin kasuwancin abinci da abin sha, bakin karfe 316 kusan daidaitaccen abu ne. Bakin karfe 316 ya fi tsada fiye da bakin karfe 304 saboda karancin molybdenum a duniya da kuma karuwar sinadarin nickel na bakin karfe 316.
Saboda rashin isashshen iskar oxygen da rashin iya samar da kariyar kariya ta chromium oxide, lalatawar rami galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar lalatar da ke saman bakin karfe.
Lalacewar rami ba kasafai ba ne, musamman a cikin ƙananan bawuloli, saboda akwai ƙarancin damar ajiya akan farantin bawul.
304 da 316 bakin karfe suna da kusan juriya na lalatawa a cikin hanyoyin watsa ruwa iri-iri (ruwa mai sha, ruwan sha, ruwan kogi, ruwan tukunyar jirgi, ruwan teku, da sauransu); duk da haka, bakin karfe 316 ya fi dacewa idan matsakaici ya ƙunshi manyan matakan ions na chloride na musamman.
Ko da yake juriya na lalata 304 da 316 bakin karfe galibi baya bambanta sosai, ana iya samun wani lokaci mai mahimmanci bambancin da ke buƙatar ƙarin bincike. Tun da za su kasance suna zaɓar bututun bututun da kayan kwantena bisa matsakaici, masu amfani da bawul yakamata gabaɗaya su sami fayyace ma'ana. Ba mu ba masu amfani shawara kan kowane kayan aiki ba.
Abubuwan sinadaran (304,304L,316,316L)
| Nau'in | Mn | P | C | Kuma | maX | Cr | A ciki | Domin | sauran |
| 304 | 0.08 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 18-20 | 8-12 |
| - |
| 304l | 0.03 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 18-20 | 8-12 |
| - |
| 316 | 0.08 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 16-18 | 10-14 | 2-3 | - |
| 316l | 0.03 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 16-18 | 10-14 | 2-3 | - |
Kayan inji (304,304L,316,316L)
| Nau'in | UTS N/mm ² | yawa N/mm ² | Tsawaitawa % | Tauri (HRB) | Kwatankwacin lambar DIN | |
| yi | jefa | |||||
| 304 | 600 | 210 | 60 | 80 | 1.4301 | 1.4308 |
| 304l | 530 | 200 | 50 | 70 | 1.4306 | 1.4552 |
| 316 | 560 | 210 | 60 | 78 | 1.4401 | 1.4408 |
| 316l | 530 | 200 | 50 | 75 | 1.4406 | 1.4581 |
Gabatarwa zuwa sauran bakin karfe
304 wani nau'i ne na bakin karfe na gaba ɗaya wanda aka yi amfani dashi don yin kayan aiki da sassan da ke buƙatar kyawawan kaddarorin (lalata juriya da tsari).
301 bakin karfe yana nuna taurin aiki a bayyane lokacin da ya lalace kuma ana amfani dashi a lokuta daban-daban waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarfi mafi girma.
Bakin karfe 302 shine ainihin bambance-bambancen bakin karfe 304 tare da babban abun ciki na carbon, wanda za'a iya sanya shi ya sami ƙarfi mafi girma ta hanyar mirgina sanyi.
302B shine bakin karfe tare da babban abun ciki na siliki, wanda ke da mafi girman juriya ga iskar oxygen mai zafi.
303 da 303Se sune bakin karfe masu yankewa kyauta wanda ke dauke da sulfur da selenium bi da bi, waɗanda ake amfani da su a wuraren da ake buƙatar yankan kyauta da babban saman ƙasa. 303Se bakin karfe kuma ana amfani dashi don yin sassan da ke buƙatar tashin hankali mai zafi saboda yana da kyakkyawan aiki mai zafi a ƙarƙashin irin waɗannan yanayi.
304L shine bambance-bambancen bakin karfe 304 tare da ƙananan abun ciki na carbon, wanda ake amfani dashi a wuraren da ake buƙatar walda. Ƙananan abun ciki na carbon yana rage hazo na carbides a cikin yankin da zafi ya shafa kusa da walda, wanda zai iya haifar da lalatawar tsaka-tsakin (weld yashwa) na bakin karfe a wasu wurare.
305 da 384 bakin karfe sun ƙunshi babban abun ciki na nickel da ƙarancin ƙarfin aiki kuma sun dace da lokuta daban-daban tare da manyan buƙatu don yanayin sanyi.
Ana amfani da bakin karfe 308 don yin sandunan walda.
309, 310, 314 da 330 bakin karfe suna da ingantacciyar nickel da abun ciki na chromium don haɓaka juriya da iskar shaka da ƙarfin ƙarfe a yanayin zafi. 30S5 da 310S bambance-bambancen bakin karfe ne na 309 da 310, kawai bambanci shine cewa abun cikin carbon yana da ƙasa don rage girman carbides da aka haɗe kusa da weld. 330 bakin karfe yana da babban juriya na musamman ga carburization da girgiza thermal.
Bakin karfe 316 da 317 sun ƙunshi aluminum, don haka juriyarsu ga lalata gurɓataccen ruwa a wuraren masana'antar ruwa da sinadarai sun fi na bakin karfe 304 kyau. Daga cikin su, 316 bakin karfe yana da bambance-bambancen karatu ciki har da ƙananan bakin karfe 316L, da ƙarfe mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi mai ɗauke da nitrogen.
316N da bakin karfe kyauta 316F tare da babban abun ciki na sulfur.
321, 347, da 348 su ne bakin karfe da aka daidaita tare da titanium, niobium, da tantalum, bi da bi, kuma sun dace da abubuwan walda da ake amfani da su a yanayin zafi. 348 wani bakin karfe ne wanda ya dace da masana'antar makamashin nukiliya kuma yana da wasu ƙuntatawa akan adadin tantalum da cobalt.
Lokacin zabar, yakamata kuyi la'akari da abubuwa kamar takamaiman buƙatun aikace-aikacen, yanayin muhalli, da kasafin kuɗi.