Zida za ceramic

Zipangizo zamakono za ceramic ndi mtundu watsopano wazitsulo zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera kuzitsulo zachikhalidwe zochokera kuzitsulo zapadera ndipo zimakhala ndi makhalidwe apadera omwe amasiyana ndi miyambo yakale. Zapita kale kupitirira lingaliro ndi kukula kwa zoumba zachikhalidwe. Ndizopangidwa ndiukadaulo wapamwamba komanso watsopano. Chifukwa chake, zida za ceramic ndi nkhani yakale komanso yachinyamata.

Zomwe zimatchedwa zida zamakono za ceramic ndizinthu zopanda zitsulo. Ndi limodzi mwa magulu atatu akuluakulu a zipangizo zamakono pamodzi ndi zitsulo ndi organic. Ndichidziwitso chonse chazinthu zonse kupatula zida zachitsulo ndi organic. Zomwe tikukambirana m'mutu uno ndi zida zamakono za ceramic kapena zida zamakono zopanda zitsulo.

Zipangizo zamakono za ceramic zili ndi malingaliro apamwamba kwambiri. Poyerekeza ndi zipangizo zachikhalidwe. Limakhala ndi zinthu zitatu izi:

(1) Malingana ndi zofunikira za chitukuko chamakono cha sayansi ndi zamakono. Ndizochokera ku chitukuko cha sayansi ndi zamakono zamakono ndipo ndi mankhwala apamwamba kwambiri.

(2) Njira yopangira zinthu ndizovuta ndipo imafuna chitsogozo cha zochitika zamakono zamakono ndi zamakono. Choncho, ndi luso nzeru kwambiri mankhwala.

(3) Ili ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri komanso zapadera ndipo imatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira zamakampani azamalonda ndiukadaulo watsopano.

Gulu la zida za ceramic

Ndi chitukuko cha kupanga ndi sayansi ndi luso. Mitundu ya zida za ceramic ndi zinthu zikuchulukirachulukira tsiku ndi tsiku. Pofuna kupangitsa kumvetsetsa kwazinthu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana kapena zinthu, nthawi zambiri zimagawidwa mosiyanasiyana.

1. Gulu ndi mankhwala

(1) Zoumba za okosijeni. Pali mitundu yambiri ya zoumba za oxide, zomwe zimakhala zofunika kwambiri m'banja la ceramic. Mafuta a ceramic omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi Al2O3, SiO2, MgO, ZrO3, CeO2, CaO. Cr2O3, mullite (3Al2O3.2SiO4) ndi spinel (MgAl2O3), etc. Al2O3 ndi SiO2 muzoumba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati zitsulo ndi zitsulo zotayidwa muzitsulo zazitsulo. Zina za ceramic za ceramic zalembedwa mu Table 11.1. Ma silicates amakhalanso m'gulu la oxide. Monga ZrsiO4. Kuyimba kwadikirira. Palinso ma oxide ophatikizika monga BaT, CgyiO; etc. komanso kugwera mu gulu ili.

Zida za Ceramic zimagawidwa ndi mankhwala

(2) Carbide ceramics. Carbide ceramics nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri kuposa ma oxides. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi SIC, SC, Phoenix C. TIC etc. Carbide ceramics ayenera kukhala ndi chitetezo chamlengalenga panthawi yokonzekera.

(3) Amide ceramics. Kloridi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi a-ji, yomwe ili ndi zida zamakina komanso kukana kutentha kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito TZN, BN, ndi AI nitride ceramics kukuchulukirachulukira. C3N4, yomwe yangowonekera posachedwa, ikuyembekezeka kuchita bwino kuposa Si3O4.

(4) Zida zinayi zadothi. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa boride ceramics sikuli kwakukulu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati zowonjezera zakuya kapena magawo achiwiri kuti awonjezedwe ku matrices ena a ceramic kuti apititse patsogolo magwiridwe antchito. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi Ti, Zr&, etc.

2. Gulu ndi ntchito ndi ntchito

(1) Zoumba zoumba. Zomangamanga za ceramic zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zomangira kupanga zida zomangira. Makamaka ntchito zake makina katundu. Mphamvu zowonjezera, kulimba, kuuma, modulus, kukana kuvala, kukana kutentha kwapamwamba (kutentha kwakukulu, kugwedezeka kwa kutentha, kutsekemera kwa mpweya), ndi zina zotero. Zambiri mwazitsulo zinayi zomwe zimayikidwa ndi zida za nyukiliya zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa ndi zoumba. Monga mwala wa AjZQ. 3N4 ndi ZX ndizoyimira zida za ceramic zokhala ndi zida zapamwamba zamakina.

(2) Zoumba zogwirira ntchito. Zitsulo zogwirira ntchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zogwirira ntchito popanga zipangizo zogwirira ntchito, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zawo zakuthupi monga magetsi amagetsi, kutentha kwa thupi, kuwala, mawonekedwe achilengedwe, etc. Mwachitsanzo ferrite. Ferroelectric ceramics amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazinthu zawo zamagetsi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zamagetsi, zida zamagetsi zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga ma capacitor, ndipo zida zadothi za piezoelectric zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga masensa osuntha kapena kuthamanga. Zoumba zolimba za electrolyte zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zowunikira mpweya pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe awo otengera ion. Bioceramics amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafupa opangira mano ndi mano opangira. Zipangizo zopangira ma superconducting ndi ulusi wa kuwala zimakhalanso m'gulu lazoumba zogwira ntchito.

Ndikoyenera kutchula kuti magulu omwe ali pamwambawa ndi achibale. M'malo mokhala mtheradi, nthawi zina palibe malire okhwima pakati pa zoumba ndi zoumba. Pazinthu zina za ceramic, pali zonse ziwiri. Piezoelectric ceramics. Ngakhale imatha kugawidwa ngati zoumba zogwira ntchito, ilinso ndi zofunikira zina zamakina ake, monga mphamvu, kulimba, kulimba, ndi zotanuka modulus. Choyamba, chiyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuti chiteteze kuwonongeka pamene mukulimbana ndi mphamvu ya E, kuti mawonekedwe a piezoelectric akwaniritsidwe. Kuphatikiza apo, monga ziwiya zadothi zokhala ndi kutentha kwambiri kapena zoumba zosagwira kutenthedwa komanso zosagwira moto zopangira zida zoteteza kutentha kwa chombo, ngakhale zili m'gulu lazoumba zamapangidwe. Komabe, kukana kukulitsa kwamafuta sikungodziwika ndi mphamvu zake zokha, kulimba, ndi modulus, koma kuwongolera kwamafuta ndi kukulitsa kwamafuta kumafanananso ndi zida zamakina, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri kukana kugwedezeka kwamafuta. Kukana kwa dzimbiri ndi ntchito yofunikira ya zida za ceramic (monga mapampu osamva asidi), koma ziyenera kukhala ndi zida zina zamakina kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira zamakampani. Zida zopangira ma superconducting zimakhala zovuta kupanga mawaya chifukwa ndi zonenepa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, sichingalowebe mugawo lothandizira. Kufotokozera mwachidule, kaya ndi zoumba kapena zadothi zogwira ntchito, zida zamakina ndizofunika kwambiri pazinthu za ceramic. Kungoti ntchito zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana zamakina.

Mutuwu ukukamba makamaka za ceramic zomangira.

Ubwino wa ceramics

1. Makhalidwe a machitidwe a zipangizo za ceramic

Monga tonse tikudziwira, zomangira zachitsulo (golide woyenga kapena aloyi) nthawi zambiri zimakhala zitsulo. Amapangidwa ndi maatomu abwino achitsulo ndi mitambo ya elekitironi yowadzaza. Zomangira zachitsulo zilibe njira. Choncho, zitsulo zili ndi katundu wabwino wa pulasitiki. Koma za ceramic zomwe zimanyalanyaza zinthu zopanda zitsulo, mankhwala awo ndi apamwamba kuposa thanzi ndi covalent bond. Chemistry iyi imakhala ndi malangizo amphamvu komanso mphamvu zomangirira kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ndizovuta kuti zida za ceramic zidutse pulasitiki. Mkulu brittleness ndi wamphamvu mng'alu tilinazo. Ichi ndi chidendene cha Achilles cha zida za ceramic. Koma ndendende chifukwa cha mtundu wa bond wamtunduwu kuti zida zadothi zomangira zimakhala ndi zinthu zingapo zapadera zomwe zimaposa zida zachitsulo.

①Kuuma kwakukulu kumatsimikizira kukana kwake kovala bwino;

②Malo oyaka moto. Kutsimikiza kuti ili ndi kukana kutentha kwambiri;

③Kukhazikika kwamphamvu kwamankhwala. Zimatsimikizira kuti ili ndi kukana bwino kwa dzimbiri.

Ngakhale zida za ceramic zili ndi zabwino zotere. Komabe, kuipa kwake koopsa - brittleness - kumalepheretsa magwiridwe ake ndi magwiridwe antchito. Chifukwa chake, kulimba kwa zitsulo zadothi wakhala mutu wofunikira kwambiri pa kafukufuku wa zida zadothi zomwe zimakopa chidwi padziko lonse lapansi (onani kulimba kwa gawo lazoumba kuti mumve zambiri).

2. Kuyerekeza pakati pa zoumba zamakono (zapamwamba) ndi zoumba zakale

Zadothi zamakono poyerekeza ndi zoumba zakale. Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakupanga zinthu zopangira, kukonzekera, kapangidwe ka bungwe ndi magwiridwe antchito.

Kusiyanitsa pakati pa zoumba zachikhalidwe ndi zoumba zamakono