Impamvu ba injeniyeri bahitamo ibyuma byacumuye: Ifu ya Metallurgie
Siyanse Yinyuma Yacumuye Umuringa
Siyanse yubukorikori inyuma yumuringa wacuzwe biterwa nigenzura ryuzuye rya metallurgjiya ihindura ibice byicyuma bidahinduka mubice bikora hamwe nubushakashatsi bwakozwe. Iyi nzira idasanzwe itangirana nibikoresho fatizo ikarangirana nibintu bitanga amavuta ahoraho mubuzima bwakazi.
Ifu ya Metallurgie: Guhindura Ibyuma Ifu ninyuma
Ifu ya metallurgie ikora nk'urufatiro rwo kubyara umusaruro, uhereye ku gukora ifu y'icyuma. Ababikora bakoresha ifu yumuringa ya atomize irimo umuringa ufite amabati 9-11%. Ifu ihujwe ninyongeramusaruro, harimo amavuta yo kwisiga afasha mugikorwa cyo guhuza. Uruvange noneho runyura muburyo bwo gukanika imashini zipfa kumuvuduko uri hagati ya 200 na 1.500 MPa ukurikije ubucucike bwa nyuma bwifuzwa.
Igice "icyatsi" cyimukira mubikorwa byo gucumura nyuma yo guhuzagurika. Uku kuzunguruka gushyushya ibice bigera kuri 820 ° C mu kirere cyagenzuwe na azote na hydrogène (ubusanzwe mu kigereranyo cya 70:30). Ubushyuhe buguma munsi yicyuma cyo gushonga ariko bugera hejuru bihagije kugirango butere gukwirakwira. Ibice by'icyuma bihurira hamwe aho bihurira muri iki cyiciro cyingenzi kandi bigakora imiterere ihamye ariko yoroheje igumya guhagarara neza.
Microstructure yibikoresho byacumuye: Porosity by Design
Ibyuma bikozwe mu muringa biranga ubushake nkana bukora intego, bitandukanye nibyuma bikomeye. Ubusanzwe ibyo bitwara bifite ubukana hagati ya 15% na 25% kubijwi. Iyi mikorere ishyiraho ibikoresho byacumuye usibye ibyuma bikozwe kandi bigira ingaruka kubikorwa bya mashini, ubushyuhe, nibikorwa bikora kuri byinshi.
Microstructure ya Bear irimoimyenge ihuriwehogukora urusobe mubikoresho byose. Uru rusobe rutuma amavuta yimuka yisanzuye muburyo bwo gutwara. Ibiranga ifu, umuvuduko wo guhuzagurika, hamwe nuburyo bwo gucumura bigena ingano nogukwirakwiza ibyo byobo. Umubyigano uguma "ufunguye" mugihe ugenzuwe neza, bivuze ko imyenge ihuza aho kubaho nkubusa.
Umubyigano ugabanya imbaraga za mashini ugereranije nicyuma gikomeye ariko utuma ibyo bitwara bifite agaciro mugushoboza kwisiga[2]. Ba injeniyeri barashobora guhindura ijanisha rya porosity ukurikije ibyo porogaramu ikeneye, kubona uburinganire bukwiye hagati yimbaraga nibisabwa.
Uburyo bwo Kwinjiza Amavuta: Kurema Kwisiga
Umuringa wuzuye umuringa unyura mumavuta nyuma yo gucumura. Iyi nzira yingenzi irayihindura ibice byo kwisiga. Imyenda ijya mu cyumba cya vacuum aho umwuka uva mu byobo mbere yo kwibizwa mu mavuta yihariye. Amavuta yuzuza byibuze 90% yubunini bwa pore iboneka binyuze mubikorwa bya capillary.
Imyenda ikora binyuze muburyo budasanzwe bwo gusiga mugihe cyo gukora. Ubushyuhe buva mu kuzunguruka hejuru yubuso butuma amavuta ava mu byobo yerekeza kuri interineti. Ibi bikora firime yoroheje yo gusiga hagati yimuka. Amavuta asubira mu byobo binyuze mu bikorwa bya capillary mugihe kubyara bikonje mugihe cyubusa, bikomeza amavuta yo gukomeza.[2].
Kuzenguruka kwa peteroli birema icyo injeniyeri bita "igikorwa cyo kuvoma". Uturere twapakiye turekura amavuta mugihe gikora mugihe uduce twapakuruwe tuyisubiza inyuma. Ibi bikora sisitemu yo gusiga iteka ikora idatunganijwe. Ibi byonyine byo kwisiga birashobora gukora neza mumasaha 3.000-5000 bidakeneye amavuta menshi.
Ibikoresho bifatika byongera imikorere
Ibyuma byacumuye bibona imikorere myiza yibintu bidasanzwe biva muriifu ya metallurgie yo gutunganya. Iyi mitungo itanga ibice byacumuye inyungu nini kurenza ibisanzwe bisanzwe cyangwa imashini zikoreshwa muburyo bwinshi.
Ikwirakwizwa ry'imbaraga imwe hamwe n'ibikoresho
Ifu ya metallurgie yuburyo butanga inyungu zubaka kuruta uburyo bwa gakondo. Ibice bishiramo akenshi bifite ibibazo kuko ibishongeshejwe bivanze ntibikonje neza. Ibi biganisha ku itandukaniro ryimbaraga, ubucucike, nubushyuhe bwumuriro mubikoresho byose. Ibicuruzwa byanyuma birashobora kandi kwanduzwa mugihe icyuma gishongeshejwe hamwe nibikoresho byishoramari mugihe cyo guta.
Ibice byacapwe biratandukanye. Bafite ibihimbano kuri buri cyiciro cyo gukora. Ifu ya poro yamashanyarazi ikwirakwira mbere yo guhuzagurika kandi igahagarara mugihe cyo gucumura. Ibi birema microstructure ihamye ikomeye, ikomeye, kandi irwanya kwambara mugice cyose.
Inzira yo gucumura itanga kugenzura neza microstructure yibikoresho kuruta guhimba cyangwa guta. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko ibice bitunganijwe neza bishobora gukomera inshuro 2-10 kuruta ibyuma. Imbaraga zishobora kuba nkeya kubera ubukana, ariko ikwirakwira mu gice cyose. Ibi bituma imikorere munsi yumutwaro ihanurwa.
Ikigereranyo cyimiterere munsi yubushyuhe
Ibyuma byacumuye birabagirana mugihe cyo kugumana imiterere yabyo mubushyuhe butandukanye. Ibi bice bikomeza kwihanganira ibipimo bigoramye hamwe no kugoreka gake bitewe nuburyo bwihariye bwo gukora.
Ibintu bibiri byingenzi bitera uku gutuza. Utwobo dutanga umwanya wo kwaguka gake gake udahinduye ibipimo rusange. Microstructure imwe nayo iraguka kandi igasezerana kuringaniza kuruta ibikoresho, birinda kurwanira no guhangayika.
Uku guhagarara bifasha cyane mugihe ubushyuhe buhindutse mugihe cyo gukoresha. Urugero rwa Aluminium oxyde yagabanutseho 17,6% mugihe cyo gucumura kuri 1600 ° C ariko iracyakomeza 98.3% ugereranije nuburinganire bukomeye. Ibice by'ibyuma bigumaho neza nubwo byashizwe hejuru ya 2500 ° F (1370 ° C).
Ibyiza byo gupima neza biva mubyongeweho. Silicon nitride yongewe kuri boron yahinduwe ntangarugero ifasha kwirinda kugoreka cyane mugihe cyo gucumura.
Kwambara Kurwanya Kurwanya Ibisanzwe
Urashobora kubona ibyuma byacuzwe muburyo butandukanye buvanze, buri kimwe gifite imiterere yacyo yo kwihanganira:
Umuringa ushingiye ku muringa: IbisanzweUmuringa(90% umuringa, 10% amabati) irwanya kwambara neza kandi ikamara igihe kirekire, bigatuma ihitamo ryambere kubikoresha byinshi. Ongeraho grafite mububiko bushingiye kumuringa bibafasha gukora neza hamwe no guterana amagambo no kuguma bihamye mubushyuhe bwinshi.
Yayoboye Umuringa: Izi mavuta zifite 14-16% ziyobora hamwe na 20% munsi y amabati kurenza umuringa usanzwe 90-10. Bitera ubushyamirane buke kandi bakarwanya guhumeka neza iyo amavuta akora make. Ibizamini byerekana ko ibyo bikoresho bishobora kumara inshuro 7-10 kurenza ibyuma bizunguruka mu bihe bimwe na bimwe (Pv = 6-12 MPa · m / sek).
Gukomatanya Umuringa-Icyuma: Ibi bivangavanga umuvuduko wubucuruzi kugirango imbaraga zogusenyuka neza. Bakora cyane kubera guhungabana n'imitwaro iremereye. Ongeramo 1.5% ya karubone yubusa ireka ibyo bikoresho bikoreshwa nubushyuhe kugirango bigere kuri Rockwell C65 ubukana, bigatuma birwanya ingaruka cyane.
Amavuta ashingiye ku byuma: Ibi bigura make ariko biracyakora ibintu byiza, bigatuma bikundwa mumodoka. Bafashe amavuta menshi kubera ubukana bwinshi kandi bakanga kwambara neza, nubwo bafite imipaka ya PV.
Ubushyuhe bwo gucamo bugira uruhare runini muburyo bwo kwambara. Ultra-Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru (UHTS) hejuru ya 2500 ° F (1370 ° C) ikora utuntu duto, dukwirakwira mu bikoresho byose. Ibi bituma ibice bikomera, bikarishye, kandi bikarwanya kwambara kuruta uburyo busanzwe bwo gucumura.
Kwisiga-Kwisiga Amashanyarazi: Uburyo Bakora
Kwiyitirira amavuta yimikorere ikora binyuze muburyo budasanzwe bwo gufunga-gusiga amavuta akora adafashijwe hanze. Ibi bice byita kumavuta yabyo binyuze muburyo bwihariye bujyanye nibikorwa.
Uburyo bwa Capillary Mechanism
Imbaraga zo kwisiga amavuta yimashini ituruka kumurongo wabo uhuza imiterere, ifite 10% kugeza 35% yubunini bwuzuye. Ibyo byobo birema umuyoboro utoroshye mubikoresho byose kandi bigakora nkibigega bya peteroli. Kwuzuza kwumwimerere kwubusa bibaho binyuze mumyuka ya vacuum, aho umwuka uva mumyobo mbere yuko amavuta yinjira. Urukuta ruzengurutse noneho rukurura kandi rugafata amavuta binyuze mumbaraga za capillary - inzira imwe isanzwe ituma amazi azamuka hejuru yuburemere ahantu hafatanye.
Iyi capillary iranga icyo injeniyeri bita "kwiruka-in" hejuru hejuru yinyerera. Uzabona imikorere mike yo guterana na mbere yuko kubyara bikubita ahantu heza. Microstructure ikora nka sponge ibika kandi ikarekura amavuta nkuko bikenewe mubuzima bwayo.
Kurekura amavuta mugihe cyo gukora
Imyenda irekura amavuta hejuru yayo binyuze muburyo butandukanye iyo itangiye gukora. Ubushyuhe buturutse ku guterana hagati yigitereko no gutwara bituma amavuta yaguka. Uku kwaguka gusunika amavuta mu byobo hejuru yinyerera.
Kuzunguruka kwa shaft birema "ibikorwa byo kuvoma" icyarimwe. Iki gikorwa gitanga uturere twinshi muri firime yamavuta kandi ikuramo amavuta menshi mumubiri wabyaye hejuru. Hamwe na hamwe, ingaruka zo kuvoma no kwagura ubushyuhe bitera firime irinda amavuta hagati yigitereko no kwifata kugirango wirinde guhuza ibyuma nicyuma.
Kwikorera bikenera kuzunguruka kugirango bikore neza. Ukeneye umuvuduko mwinshi no guhora uzunguruka kugirango ugumane firime yuzuye amavuta hejuru yububiko.
Reabsorption mugihe cyo gukonja
Ukwisiga-amavuta arakomeza iyo kuzunguruka guhagarara no kubyara bikonje. Amavuta arenze asubira muburyo bubi binyuze mubikorwa bya capillary nkuko ubushyuhe bugabanuka. Iyi reabsorption ihagarika amavuta ayo ari yo yose kubaka cyangwa gutonyanga.
Imyenda isubiza inyuma amavuta yirukanwe muri zone zipakiye mugihe cyo gukora. Ihanahana rihoraho - amavuta asohoka mugihe cyo gukora no gusubira mugihe cyo kuruhuka - bitera amavuta adashira. Inzira ituma amavuta akwirakwira neza hejuru yinyerera, bityo imikorere igakomeza gukomera nubwo kunyerera bigenda bishira.
Ibipimo by'imikorere: Ibintu bya PV n'imipaka ntarengwa
Ba injeniyeri bareba ibipimo ngenderwaho byihariye kugirango bahitemo ibyuma byujuje ibyangombwa bikenewe. Ibipimo bya tekiniki bifasha kumenya imipaka ikora neza no kwirinda kunanirwa hakiri kare.
Gusobanukirwa Ibintu bya PV muburyo bwo guhitamo
Ikintu cya PV kigira uruhare runini muguhitamo ibyuma byacumuye. Urabara mugwiza imitwaro yikuramo (P) muri pound kuri santimetero kare yahantu hateganijwe kwerekanwa n'umuvuduko wo hejuru (V) mumaguru kumunota. Ibi biduha urutonde rwubushyuhe bwo guterana hejuru yububiko bugira ingaruka kuburyo bumara. Ubusanzwe ibibyimba bisanzwe bifite PV ntarengwa ya 50.000. Ababikora barasaba gukomeza gukora 20.000 kugirango bongere ubuzima bwa serivisi nta mavuta yongeyeho. Ibikoresho bya Thrust bikenera kwitonda neza hamwe na PV ntarengwa ya 10,000.
Ubuzima bwo kwifata bukora butandukanye nagaciro ka PV - PV yo hejuru isobanura ubuzima bwigihe gito. Niyo mpamvu abajenjeri bakunze guhitamo agaciro ka PV gafite umutekano mugihe cyo gukora kugirango ibice bimare igihe kirekire.
Ubushobozi bwumutwaro uremereye
Umutwaro uhagaze ubaho iyo utwaye isura ntigenda ugereranije nundi. Imbaraga zumubiri ziba ikintu nyamukuru kigabanya ibi bihe. Imipaka ihagaze yerekana imbaraga zihindura umurambararo wa bore ya kimwe cya kabiri cyokwihanganirwa.
Umutwaro uremereye urimo kugenda ushira hejuru. Ibicuruzwa byacumuye mubisanzwe bifite ibipimo byumutwaro kuri kimwe cya gatatu cyurwego rwimitwaro ihagaze. Uku kugabanuka gukomeye kwerekana uburyo kugenda bikomeza bigira ingaruka hejuru.
Umuvuduko Kugabanya Ibikoresho Bitandukanye Byacapwe
Buri cyiciro cyacumuye gifite umuvuduko wacyo. Ibikoresho bishingiye kumuringa ureke wiruke kumuvuduko mwinshi. Ibyuma bishingiye ku byuma bigurisha umuvuduko kugirango imbaraga zogusenyuka neza. Ubusanzwe ibyuma byacumuye bikoreshwa hejuru yumuvuduko wa metero 1000 kumunota.
Ingaruka yubushyuhe ku mipaka yimikorere
Ubushyuhe burahindura cyane uburyo ibyuma byacumuye bikora. Amavuta menshi asiga amavuta akora neza hagati ya 0-80 ° C. Imikorere igabanuka vuba hejuru ya 80 ° C, igabanuka kugera kuri 60% byagaciro gasanzwe.
Ubushyuhe nabwo buhindura uburyo amavuta agenda muburyo bubi. Ubushuhe bushushe butuma amavuta yaguka kandi akoroha kuva mu myobo gushika hejuru. Ubushyuhe bukonje butuma amavuta aba menshi, ashobora kugabanya amavuta meza mugihe utangiye.
Kugereranya Ibyuma Byacumuye vs Imipira
Ba injeniyeri bakeneye gusobanukirwa itandukaniro ryibanze hagati yicyaha nu mupira kugirango bagere kubikorwa byinshi. Ubwoko bwubwikorezi buza nibyiza byabo bituma biba byiza kubikorwa byihariye.
Kugereranya Coefficient Coefficient
Imipira yumupira hamwe nicyaha cyerekana ibimenyetso biranga ubushyamirane. Coefficient zo guteranya imipira iri hasi, kuva kuri 0.0008 kugeza 0.0035 bitewe n'ubwoko. Ibicumuro byacumuye bifite indangagaciro zo guterana hejuru ariko bigakorwa binyuze mubyaboimiterere yatewe amavutaibyo bigatuma basiga amavuta. Coefficient de fraisse mu byuma byacumuye irazamuka uko amavuta agabanuka, bigatuma bahitamo nabi kubyihuta byihuta nta gusiga neza.
Imipira yumupira ninziza nziza yo kugabanya igihombo cyingufu kuko zizunguruka aho kunyerera nkibicumuro byacumuye. Ariko ibicumuro byacumuye birashobora kuba amahitamo meza mubikorwa byo guhagarara. Ibintu byabo byo kwisiga birinda ibibazo-kunyerera ukunda kubona mubitereko byumupira bidasizwe neza.
Urusaku no Kuzunguruka Ibiranga
Ibyuma byacumuye bigenda bituje kuruta imipira, cyane cyane kumuvuduko mwinshi. Imipira yumupira itera urusaku kuberako ibintu bizunguruka bihura. Urusaku rukunda kwiyongera uko imipira igera kumpera yubuzima bwabo.
Imipira yumupira yohereza byinshi kunyeganyega binyuze muri sisitemu ya mashini. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko kunyeganyega cyane bishobora kugabanya ubuzima bugufi kandi bikabatera urusaku. Igikorwa cyo kunyerera mu byuma byacumuye bibafasha gukuramo neza kunyeganyega. Ibi bituma bahitamo neza kubisabwa aho urusaku rugomba guhagarikwa.
Ibisabwa Kubungabunga: Biteganijwe na Kwiyitaho
Ibikenerwa byo kubungabunga ibyo bikoresho biratandukanye. Imipira yumupira ikenera amavuta buri gihe kugirango ikomeze kugenda neza kandi wirinde gutsindwa hakiri kare. Ibikoresho byacumuye bibika amavuta muburyo bubi, bikora sisitemu yo kwisiga ikenera kubungabungwa bike.
Ukeneye abatekinisiye babishoboye kugirango bagenzure imipira mugihe cya serivisi. Ibyuma byacumuye komeza gukora nubwo bitangiye kunanirwa. Mubisanzwe basakuza cyane aho gufata rwose - bitandukanye numupira ushobora gufunga nta nteguza.
Ubuzima Mubihe Bitandukanye Bikora
Imipira yumupira imara igihe kinini muburyo bwihuse kandi buremereye. Ibidukikije bikora bigira uruhare runini muburyo buri bwoko bukora neza. Ibyuma byacumuye bikora neza mubikorwa bihamye, biringaniye-byihuta. Imipira yumupira ikora gutangira-guhagarika no guhindura imikorere neza.
Ubushyuhe bugira ingaruka kumwanya wubwoko bwombi bumara. Imipira yumupira ikora neza murwego rwagutse rwubushyuhe, haba hejuru no hasi. Ibyuma byacumuye bikora neza kugeza kuri 85 ° C. Hejuru yibyo, batakaza ubushobozi bwabo bwo gusiga vuba.
Umwanzuro
Ibikoresho byacumuye byerekana intambwe mu buhanga buhuza ifu ya metallurgie hamwe nubushobozi bwo kwisiga. Imiterere yabyo igizwe na 10% kugeza kuri 35% yubunini bwose kandi ikora urusobe rwimiyoboro ihuza itanga amavuta ahoraho.
Ibi bikoresho bishya biguma bihagaze neza mubushyuhe butandukanye kandi bigakomeza imbaraga zingana muburyo bwabo. Mugihe coefficient zabo zo guterana zirenze iz'umupira, imiterere-yo kwisiga ituma itunganyirizwa mubikorwa bikenera bike kandi bikora neza.
Igikorwa cyo gukora gishingiye ku buryo bwa metallurgjique n'ubushyuhe bwihariye bwo hagati ya 800 ° C na 850 ° C. Ibi birema ibyuma bikora neza kubintu bya PV bigera ku 50.000. Ibigize umuringa usanzwe hamwe na 90% y'umuringa na 10% amabati bitanga uburinzi buhebuje bwo kwirinda no kwangirika. Iyi mitungo ituma igira agaciro murwego rwo hejuru rwo gukora.
Ba injeniyeri basanga inyungu zicumuye zunguka. Bakora bucece, bakeneye kubungabungwa bike, kandi bakora muburyo bwihuse munsi yumuvuduko uringaniye. Ufatanije no kwisiga, ibi biranga bituma bahitamo neza mugihe gihamye, ibikorwa-bidafite ibikorwa byubusa birenze umuvuduko ntarengwa cyangwa ubushobozi bwo kwikorera.