Izinto ze-Ceramic

Izinto ze-ceramic zanamuhla ziwuhlobo olusha lwezitsha zobumba ezithuthukiswayo zisuka ku-ceramics yendabuko ngokusekelwe kuma-ceramics akhethekile futhi zinezici ezihlukile ezihlukile ku-ceramics yendabuko. Sekuyisikhathi eside idlula umqondo kanye nobubanzi bezitsha zobumba zendabuko. Kungumkhiqizo wobuchwepheshe obuphezulu nobusha. Ngakho-ke, izinto ze-ceramic ziyisihloko sasendulo nesincane.

Izinto ezibizwa nge-ceramic yesimanje ziyizinto ezingezona ezensimbi. Ingenye yezigaba ezintathu ezinkulu zezinto zesimanje ezihambisana nezinsimbi nezinto eziphilayo. Futhi kuwukuqashelwa okuvamile kwazo zonke izinto ngaphandle kwezinto zensimbi nezinto eziphilayo. Into okuxoxwa ngayo kulesi sahluko yizinto zesimanje ze-ceramic noma izinto zesimanje ezingezona ezensimbi.

Izinto ze-ceramic zanamuhla zinezincazelo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto zendabuko. Ikakhulukazi inezici ezintathu ezilandelayo:

(1) Ngokusekelwe kuzimfuneko zentuthuko yesimanje yesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Iwumkhiqizo wokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe besimanje futhi ingumkhiqizo wobuchwepheshe obuphezulu.

(2) Inqubo yokukhiqiza iyinkimbinkimbi futhi idinga isiqondiso sezimpumelelo zesimanje zesayensi nezobuchwepheshe. Ngakho-ke, kuwumkhiqizo odinga ulwazi lwezobuchwepheshe.

(3) Inezindawo ezinhle kakhulu nezikhethekile futhi ingahlangabezana nezidingo zezimboni zezohwebo nezobuchwepheshe obusha.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto ze-ceramic

Ngokuthuthukiswa kokukhiqiza nesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Izinhlobo zezinto zokwakha ze-ceramic nemikhiqizo ziyanda usuku nosuku. Ukuze kube lula ukuqonda izici zezinto ezihlukahlukene noma imikhiqizo, ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa ngama-engeli ahlukene.

1. Ukwahlukaniswa ngamakhemikhali

(1) Izitsha zobumba ze-oxide. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-oxide ceramics, ethatha isikhundla esibaluleke kakhulu emndenini we-ceramic. Ama-ceramics e-oxide asetshenziswa kakhulu yi-Al2O3, SiO2, MgO, ZrO3, CeO2, CaO. I-Cr2O3, i-mullite (3Al2O3.2SiO4) ne-spinel (MgAl2O3), njll. I-Al2O3 ne-SiO2 kuma-ceramics asetshenziswa kabanzi njengensimbi ne-aluminium alloys ezintweni zensimbi. Amanye ama-ceramics e-oxide abhalwe kuThebula 11.1. Ama-silicates nawo ayingxenye yochungechunge lwe-oxide. NjengeZrsiO4. Ucingo lulindile. Kukhona futhi ama-oxide ahlanganisiwe afana ne-BaT, i-CgyiO; njll. nazo ziwela kulesi sigaba.

Izinto ze-Ceramic zihlukaniswa ngokubunjwa kwamakhemikhali

(2) Izitsha ze-Carbide. Izitsha zobumba ze-carbide ngokuvamile zinendawo yokuncibilika ephakeme kune-oxides. Okuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu yi-SIC, SC, Phoenix C. TIC njll. I-Carbide ceramics kufanele ibe nesivikelo somkhathi ngesikhathi sokulungiselela.

(3) Izitsha zobumba ze-amide. I-chloride esetshenziswa kakhulu i-a-ji, enezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zemishini ebanzi kanye nokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-TZN, BN, kanye ne-AI nitride ceramics kuya ngokuya kusabalala. I-C3N4, esanda kuvela, kulindeleke ukuthi ibe nokusebenza okungcono kune-Si3O4.

(4) Izitsha zobumba ezine zamakhemikhali. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-boride ceramics akubanzi kakhulu. Zisetshenziswa kakhulu njengezithasiselo ezijulile noma izigaba zesibili okufanele zengezwe kwamanye amatrices e-ceramic ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza. Ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zihlanganisa Ti, Zr&, njll.

2. Ukuhlukaniswa ngokusebenza nokusetshenziswa

(1) Izitsha zobumba zesakhiwo. I-ceramics yesakhiwo isetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha ukwenza izingxenye zesakhiwo. Ikakhulukazi sebenzisa izakhiwo zayo zemishini. Amandla athuthukisiwe, ukuqina, ubulukhuni, i-modulus, ukumelana nokugqokwa, ukumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu (amandla okushisa aphezulu, ukumelana nokushaqeka kokushisa, ukumelana nokukhishwa kwe-ablation), njll. Iningi lezitsha zobumba ezine ezihlukaniswa ngokwakhiwe kwamakhemikhali enuzi okukhulunywe ngenhla izitsha zobumba zesakhiwo. Njengetshe le-AjZQ. I-3N4 kanye ne-ZX yizinto ezimele ze-ceramic zesakhiwo ezinezakhiwo eziphakeme zemishini.

(2) Izitsha zobumba ezisebenzayo. Izitsha zobumba ezisebenzayo zisetshenziswa njengezinto ezisebenzayo ukuze zenze izinto ezisebenzayo, ikakhulukazi zisebenzisa izakhiwo zazo ezibonakalayo njengezakhiwo zikazibuthe kagesi, izakhiwo ezishisayo, izici zokubona, izakhiwo zebhayoloji, njll. Isibonelo i-ferrite. Ama-ceramics e-Ferroelectric asetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi izakhiwo zawo ze-electromagnetic. Isetshenziselwa ukwenza izingxenye ze-electromagnetic, i-ceramics ye-dielectric isetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-capacitor, futhi izitsha zobumba ze-piezoelectric zisetshenziselwa ukwenza izinzwa zokufuduka noma zokucindezela. Amaceramics aqinile e-electrolyte angasetshenziswa ukwenza izitholi zomoya-mpilo zisebenzisa izakhiwo zazo zokudlulisa i-ion. I-Bioceramics isetshenziselwa ukwenza amathambo okwenziwa namazinyo okwenziwa. Izinto ze-Superconducting kanye nemicu ye-optical nazo ziyingxenye yesigaba se-ceramics esebenzayo.

Kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa okungenhla nakho kuhlobene. Kunokuba ube msulwa, kwesinye isikhathi awukho umngcele oqinile phakathi kwezitsha zobumba zesakhiwo nezitsha zobumba ezisebenzayo. Kwezinye izinto ze-ceramic, kukhona kokubili. I-Piezoelectric Ceramics. Nakuba ingahlukaniswa njengezitsha zobumba ezisebenzayo, futhi inezidingo ezithile zezakhiwo zayo eziwumshini, njengamandla, ukuqina, ubulukhuni, kanye nemodulus enwebekayo. Okokuqala, kufanele ibe namandla anele okuvimbela umonakalo lapho imelana namandla ka-E, ukuze izici ezivamile ze-piezoelectric zifezeke. Ukwengeza, njengezitsha zobumba zesakhiwo ezisezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu noma izitsha zobumba ezimelana nokushaqeka ezishisayo nezingashi zezingxenye ezingashisi umkhumbi-mkhathi, nakuba ziyingxenye yesigaba sezitsha zobumba zesakhiwo. Kodwa-ke, ukumelana nokushisa okushisayo akunqunywa kuphela amandla ayo, ukuqina, kanye ne-modulus, kodwa i-conductivity yokushisa kanye ne-coefficient yokwandisa ukushisa nayo iyafana nezakhiwo zemishini, ezinomthelela obaluleke kakhulu ekuphikiseni ukushaqeka okushisayo. Ukumelana nokugqwala wukusebenza okubalulekile kwezitsha zobumba zamakhemikhali (njengamaphampu amelana ne-asidi), kodwa kufanele zibe nemishini ethile ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo zemboni. Izinto zokwakha i-Superconducting kunzima ukuzenza zibe izintambo ngoba zinamafutha amaningi. Ngakho-ke, ayikwazi okwamanje ukungena esigabeni sohlelo lokusebenza. Ukufingqa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-ceramics yesakhiwo noma i-ceramics esebenzayo, izakhiwo zemishini ziyizinto eziyisisekelo kakhulu zezinto zobumba. Ukuthi nje ukusetshenziswa okuhlukile kunezidingo ezihlukene zezakhiwo zemishini.

Lesi sahluko sidingida ikakhulukazi izitsha zobumba zesakhiwo.

Izinzuzo ze-ceramics

1. Izici zokusebenza zezinto zobumba

Njengoba sonke sazi, izibopho zamakhemikhali zezinto zensimbi (igolide elihlanzekile noma ama-alloys) ngokuvamile ziyizinsimbi. Akhiwa ama-athomu ensimbi ane-positive namafu e-electron awagcwalisayo. Amabhondi ensimbi awanawo ukuqondisa. Ngakho-ke, insimbi inezakhiwo ezinhle ze-deformation yepulasitiki. Ngokuqondene nama-ceramics angazinaki ama-non-metallic compounds, izakhiwo zawo zamakhemikhali ziphakeme kunezibopho zezempilo kanye ne-covalent. Le chemistry inokuqondisa okuqinile namandla abophayo aphezulu. Ngakho-ke, kunzima ukuthi izinto ze-ceramic zibe ne-deformation yepulasitiki. I-brittleness ephezulu kanye nokuzwela okuqinile kwe-crack. Lesi isithende se-Achilles sezinto ze-ceramic. Kodwa kungenxa yalolu hlobo lwesibopho samakhemikhali ukuthi i-ceramics yesakhiwo inochungechunge lwezakhiwo ezikhethekile eziphakeme kunezinsimbi zensimbi.

①Ukuqina okuphezulu kunquma ukumelana kwayo okuhle nokugqokwa;

②Iphoyinti lelangabi eliphezulu. Inqume ukuthi inokumelana nokushisa okuvelele;

③Ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali okuphezulu. Inquma ukuthi inokumelana nokugqwala okuhle.

Nakuba izinto ze-ceramic zinezinzuzo ezinhle kakhulu. Nokho, ukuntula kwayo okubulalayo—i-brittleness—kukhawulela ukusebenza kwayo nokusetshenziswa kwayo okungokoqobo. Ngakho-ke, ukuqina kwezitsha zobumba sekube yisihloko esiwumgogodla emkhakheni wocwaningo lwezinto zobumba okuheha ukunakwa komhlaba wonke (bona ukuqina kwengxenye yezitsha zobumba ukuze uthole imininingwane).

2. Ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwezitsha zobumba zesimanje (ezithuthukisiwe) nezitsha zobumba zendabuko

Izitsha zobumba zanamuhla uma ziqhathaniswa nezitsha zobumba zendabuko. Kunomehluko omkhulu ekubunjweni kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, inqubo yokulungiselela, ukwakheka kwenhlangano nokusebenza.

Qhathanisa phakathi kwezitsha zobumba zendabuko nezitsha zobumba zanamuhla