Izimboni ezinhlanu ezinkulu zokuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi esizayo kwemikhiqizo yobumba
Imboni yezimoto zikagesi
I-China ikhiqize futhi idayise izimoto ezintsha ezinamandla eziyizigidi ezingu-6.253 nezingu-6.067, ngokulandelana, phakathi kukaJanuwari noNovemba, inyuke cishe ngo-100% unyaka nonyaka, ngesabelo semakethe esingama-25%, ngokwezibalo zakamuva ze-China Association of Automobile Manufacturers. Kanye nokukhula kokukhiqiza nokuthengisa okwedlule kude imakethe ngaleso sikhathi, ukungena kwezimoto ezintsha zamandla kudlule ama-36% futhi kuyaqhubeka nokukhuphuka. Ubuchwepheshe bezimoto zikagesi buhlala buguquka, okuye kwasheshisa ukushintshwa kwezingxenye zayo zemiklamo nezinto zokwakha. Ukusetshenziswa kwezimoto ezintsha zikagesi zamandla sekwamukele ngokugcwele izinto zobumba ezithuthukisiwe ngenxa yezinzuzo zazo eziyingqayizivele zokusebenza.
Phakathi kwazo, amabhola aphethe i-HIP silicon nitride kanye nama-thermal conductivity silicon nitride substrates avamile.
01 amabhola e-HIP we-Silicon Nitride Bearings
Amabheringi ezimoto ezimoto ezisebenza ngamandla amasha adinga ukuminyana okuphansi kanye nezinto ezingagugi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namazinga azo aphezulu okujikeleza uma kuqhathaniswa namabheringi ajwayelekile. Ku-silicon nitride ceramic bearings, amabhola akhiqiza ukushisa okuncane nokungqubuzana ngaphakathi kwesistimu yokuthwala. Ikakhulukazi, i-silicon nitride iyisivikeli sikagesi esivele ngokwemvelo esingavimbela ukugqwala kukagesi ekukhipheni ukukhishwa, kunwebe impilo yezinto ezithambisayo namabheringi, futhi ekugcineni kubangele ukwehluleka ukuthwala. Ilungele ukusetshenziswa emikhakheni eyahlukene, kuhlanganise nezimoto zikagesi.
Ama-Ceramic bearings aya ngokuya ethatha indawo yama-bearings amabhola ensimbi eminyakeni yamadrayivu kagesi. I-Silicon nitride ceramic ball insulated bearings isetshenziswa ezindlini ze-Xiaopeng P7, G9, Weilai ET7, namanye amamodeli. Isibonelo, i-shaft ephumayo yenjini esetshenziswa u-Tesla isebenzisa ama-ceramic bearings, ama-ceramic bearings adizayinwe yi-NSK, namabhola anamabhola enziwe ngamabhola angama-silicon nitride angama-50.
I-Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) kanye ne-gas pressure sintering (GPS) izindlela ezimbili ezidume kakhulu zokulungiselela i-silicon nitride ceramic ball sintering. Lezi zindlela ezimbili zikhiqiza amabhola e-ceramic asetshenziswa njalo kuzilungiselelo eziningi. I-HIP silicon nitride inikeza izimfanelo zomshini eziphakeme nempilo ende yokukhathala kune-GPS silicon nitride.
Njengamanje, amafemu angaphandle aziwayo asaqhubeka nokulawula isabelo semakethe yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nesiqondiso sentuthuko, kuyilapho izinkampani zaseJapane, zaseYurophu, nezaseMelika ziqhubeka nokubusa ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla zobumba ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Ngo-2015 kwasungulwa i-National Materials High-Tech Nitride Ceramics Co., Ltd. esizweni sami.
yenza intuthuko enkulu kubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza amabhola e-ceramic acindezelwe nge-isostatically e-isostatically, okwenza kwaba inkampani yokuqala e-China ukusungula ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi balezi zinto kanye nenkampani yesithathu iyonke, ngemuva kwe-Toshiba e-Japan kanye ne-Kustec e-United States. I-SKF yaseSweden, i-Timken yase-US, i-GMN yaseJalimane, ne-Forsa yaseSpain aphakathi kwamazwe lapho imikhiqizo yawo ithunyelwa khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela eziqhathanisekayo zisetshenziswa nguSinoceramic Jinsheng nabanye ukwakha amabhola ane-silicon nitride anamandla okugoba angu-1000 MPa.
02 I-thermal conductivity ephezulu ye-silicon nitride ceramic substrate
Ama-substrates e-Silicon nitride ceramic asetshenziswa kakhulu kumayunithi kagesi, kumadivayisi we-semiconductor kanye nama-inverter ezimoto ezihlanzekile zikagesi (EV) kanye nezimoto zikagesi eziyi-hybrid (HEV), futhi zinamathuba amakhulu emakethe kanye namathemba okusebenza.
Okwamanje, amandla okugoba angu-650 MPa, ukuqina kokuphuka kwe-5–7 MPa·m1/2, kanye ne-thermal conductivity engu-85 W/(m·K) kuyadingeka ukuze kusetshenziselwe ukuthengisa izinto ezishisayo ze-silicon nitride ceramic substrate. I-Toshiba Group, i-Hitachi Metals, i-Nippon Electric Chemical, i-Maruwa, ne-Nippon Fine Ceramics yizinkampani eziyinhloko ezinekhono lokukhiqiza ngobuningi i-silicon nitride ceramic substrates ene-thermal conductivity ephezulu.
Ukwengeza, kube nenqubekelaphambili ethile ocwaningweni lwasekhaya ngezinto zokwakha ze-silicon nitride ceramic substrate. Ngokulungiselela indlela yokucwilisa kanye nenqubo, i-Beijing Sinoma Artificial Crystal Research Institute Co., Ltd. ilungiselele ngempumelelo i-silicon nitride ceramic substrate enamandla okugoba angu-700-800MPa, ukuqina kokuphuka okungu-≥8MPa · m1/2, kanye ne-thermal conductivity engu-≥80W/(m·K/(m·K) I-silicon nitride ceramic substrate ekhiqizwa i-Beijing Branch ye-Sinoma High-Tech Nitride Ceramics Co., Ltd. isebenzisa inqubo yokulingisa itheyiphu ine-thermal conductivity engu-100 W/(m·K).
Izimoto zikagesi njengamanje zisondela eduze kobuhlakani ngenxa yokuthandwa okukhulayo kwezimoto ezinamandla ezintsha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuhlakani bokufakelwa (AI). Abakhiqizi bezimoto nabo babonise isithakazelo ezintweni ezihlukahlukene ze-ceramic, okuhlanganisa izinto zokupakisha ze-lidar, amabhuleki e-carbon ceramic, i-MLCC ephakeme kakhulu, izinto zokwakha ze-ceramic thermal conductive, njll.
Ukukhiqiza ama-semiconductors
Umthetho wezimboni "wesizukulwane esisodwa sobuchwepheshe, isizukulwane esisodwa senqubo, isizukulwane esisodwa semishini" ubusa imboni ye-semiconductor, futhi ukuthuthuka kwengxenye yobuchwepheshe obunembayo kubalulekile ekwenzeni kube yisimanje kanye nokuphindaphindwa kwezinto zokusebenza ze-semiconductor. Izingxenye ze-ceramic eziqondile ziyizinto ezimele kakhulu zezingxenye zokunemba ze-semiconductor phakathi kwazo. Asetshenziswa kuzinqubo eziningi zokukhiqiza eziyisihluthulelo semiconductor ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa i-etching, i-chemical vapor deposition, ukufakwa komhwamuko obonakalayo, kanye nokufakwa kwe-ion. njengezingalo zokubamba ngomshini, ama-chucks e-electrostatic, amalayini, ama-guiding rails, nama-bearings, phakathi kokunye. Lenza izindima zokuzinzisa, ukuvikela, nokuphazamisa, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwendawo yokusebenza.
Ukukhiqizwa kwama-semiconductor Imboni ye-semiconductor ibuswa umthetho wezimboni "wesizukulwane esisodwa sobuchwepheshe, isizukulwane esisodwa senqubo, isizukulwane esisodwa sezinto zokusebenza," futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwengxenye yobuchwepheshe obunembayo kubalulekile ekwenzeni kube yisimanje kanye nokuphindaphindwa kwemishini ye-semiconductor. Kuzo zonke izinto ezisetshenziselwa izingxenye zokunemba ze-semiconductor, izingxenye ze-ceramic ezinembile yizona ezimele kakhulu. Baqashwe etching, chemical deposition deposition, vapor vapor, and ion implantation, phakathi kwezinye izinqubo ezibalulekile zokukhiqiza i-semiconductor. njengama-bearings, olayini, ama-guiding rails, ama-chucks e-electrostatic, nezingalo zokubamba eziyimishini, ukubala ezimbalwa. Isebenza njengokuphambukisa, ukuvikela, kanye nokuzinzisa, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwendawo yokusebenza.
Imboni yokonga amandla nokuvikela imvelo
Ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kwenqubomgomo kazwelonke "yekhabhoni ekabili", zonke izimboni zithuthuka kancane kancane ngendlela yokonga amandla, ukunciphisa ikhabhoni, ukunciphisa ukunukubezeka, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle. Ngaphansi kwalesi sizinda, imboni ye-ceramic ibhekene nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nezingcindezi zokuvikela imvelo, kodwa futhi iletha amathuba amasha okuthuthukisa izinto zobumba.
01 I-Ceramic membrane
Ukuze kushintshwe ubuchwepheshe obujwayelekile bokuhlukaniswa kokuhlunga, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlukaniswa kwe-membrane nge-membrane ye-ceramic emnyombweni wayo okwamanje isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko njengenqubo yokuhlukanisa esebenza kahle kakhulu embonini yenqubo kanye nezinkambu ezikhethekile zokwelashwa kwamanzi okuhlukaniswa kokuhlunga, ukugxila nokuhlanzwa, nokuhlanzwa nokususwa kokungcola.
I-Ceramic flat membrane
Phakathi kwazo, uketshezi kuzilungiselelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kungahlungwa, kuhlukaniswe, futhi kuhlanzwe kusetshenziswa ulwelwesi oluphezulu lwe-ceramic flat. Ukumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu nokucindezela, ukuzinza okuqinile kwamakhemikhali, ukusebenza kahle kokuhlunga, ukwethembeka okuhle, izindleko eziphansi zokusebenza nokunakekela, ukuphila kwesevisi okunwetshiwe, nobungane bemvelo kuwo wonke umjikelezo wokuphila ezinye zezimfanelo zabo. Isetshenziswe kakhulu futhi yathuthukiswa ezindaweni zokukhucululwa kwendle kamasipala, ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi asabalalisiwe, ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi amnyama nanukayo, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe amanzi, kanye nokuhlanzwa kwamanzi angcolile epaki yezimboni. Iwumhlahlandlela oyinhloko wentuthuko emkhakheni wezingqimba zokuhlukaniswa kwe-ceramic ezisebenza kahle kakhulu futhi inezinhlobonhlobo zamathemba ezimakethe.
Kanye nokwelashwa kwamanzi, ukuphathwa kokungcoliswa komoya esizweni sami nakho kuseduze. I-earth-metal oxide system ye-nano-denitrification catalyst evumelana nemvelo ilayishwa kulwelwesi lwe-ceramic fiber composite njengomzimba osekelayo ukuze kwakhiwe ulwelwesi lwefayibha ephezulu lokushisa ukuze kukhishwe i-denitrification nokususwa kothuli, into yokuhlunga enemisebenzi edidiyelwe yokukhipha uthuli kanye nemisebenzi yokususa uthuli engafinyelela ukuhlanzwa okuqondile kwegesi ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa okuphezulu.
02 Airgel
Ukuthuthukiswa okunabile okuluhlaza kanye nekhabhoni ephansi kwe-aerogel, into evikela kakhulu, kudale amathuba angakaze azwakale okukhula komkhakha we-airgel. Ubuchwepheshe obusha be-airgel kulindeleke ukuthi buhlanganiswe nokukhula kokukhiqizwa okuluhlaza ukuze kwakhiwe imikhiqizo emisha emisha ngokuhambisana nenkambiso yezimboni eziluhlaza ezithuthuka ngokushesha.
I-Airgel inokuminyana okuphansi kakhulu, i-ultra-high porosity, inkomba ephansi ye-refractive, i-thermal conductivity ephansi, impedance ephansi ye-acoustic nezinye izici izinto eziqinile ezijwayelekile ezingenazo. Lezi zici ziyenza ibe namathemba amahle okusebenza emikhakheni yokufakwa kwe-thermal insulation, i-biomedicine, i-sound insulation, i-adsorption, njll., futhi amandla okufunwa kwemakethe makhulu.
Imboni ye-biomedicine
Ama-implants ayanda kanye nezitho zokwenziwa zizosetshenziswa ezindaweni zokwelapha njengoba umphakathi uthuthuka futhi nezimpilo zabantu ziba ngcono. Esizweni sami, izinsimbi ezifana nensimbi engagqwali kanye nama-cobalt alloys sekuyisikhathi eside zisetshenziselwa ukuphulukisa nokulungisa amathambo ngenxa yezimfanelo zazo eziphakeme zomshini nokulawula; noma kunjalo, i-biocompatibility yabo iyashoda. Ngakho-ke, imakethe kanye nocwaningo lwezinto zokumboza noma ama-bioceramics anempilo futhi ahambisana kangcono akhula ngokushesha.
Ngenxa yokuqina kwawo okukhethekile kokuphuka nokumelana nokuguga, izinto zobumba ze-biomedical ezifana ne-Al2O3, ZrO2, ZTA, Si3N4, kanye nezinto ezihlanganisiwe ezihlanganisiwe ze-ceramic zivame ukusetshenziswa kuma-prostheses athwala umthwalo ohlinzayo, izifakelo zamazinyo, esikhundleni samathambo, njll. I-Zirconium oxide isetshenziswa kaningi ekuvuseleleni amazinyo ngenxa yobuhle bayo nobuhle be-ceramic ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuhle. Phakathi kwalokhu, i-silicon nitride ihlanganisa umphumela we-bactericidal kanye nezakhiwo zokuzigcoba, futhi ukufakwa kwayo kunozinzo lwesikhathi eside oluzinzile lwebhayoloji.
Ngo-2022, ubukhulu bemakethe yomhlaba wonke yezinto zobumba zezokwelapha kulindeleke ukuthi bube cishe ku-$15 billion USD. Ngo-2022, imakethe yezinto zobumba zezokwelapha eChina kulindeleke ukuthi ibize cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-4.5. Kubo, izitsha zobumba ze-alumina zakha iningi (cishe 60%). Izitsha zobumba ze-silicon nitride zisetshenziselwa izimila zamathambo, kuyilapho i-zirconia ceramics isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko kudokotela wamazinyo.
Umkhakha we-aerospace
I-Ceramics ihlale igqama ngokusebenza kwayo okukhethekile ezimweni ezihlukile zohlelo lokusebenza. Izimboni zezempi nezasemoyeni ziyizimakethe ezimbili ezithandwa kakhulu zokwenziwa kwezitsha zobumba ezithuthukisiwe. "Ukumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu" kanye "nobuqili" yimigqa emibili eyinhloko yokuthuthukiswa kwe-ceramic embonini ye-aerospace.
Isizukulwane esisha sezinjini zezempi yezindiza sinesidingo esandayo sezinto ezintsha zesakhiwo ezimelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu njengoba amandla ekristalu eyodwa, ama-thermal barrier coatings, kanye nokupholisa komoya okusebenzayo kuncipha kancane kancane. I-SiC/SiC-CMC isivele njengenye yezinketho eziphezulu zezinto zesakhiwo ezimelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. I-SiC/SiC-CMC iqiniswa futhi iqiniswe ingxenye enkulu nge-silicon carbide fiber. Impahla eluhlaza ebaluleke kakhulu ye-SiC/SiC-CMC i-silicon carbide fiber, enokumelana nezinga lokushisa okungaphezu kuka-1200°C futhi idonse ukunaka kwamandla endiza emqhudelwaneni wocwaningo.
Ivamise ukuhlanganisa into emuncayo (emuncayo) kanye ne-matrix (ngezinye izikhathi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-binder), izinto ezimuncayo ziphakathi kwezinto eziyimfihlo ezibaluleke kakhulu. I-silicon carbide iyisithako esiyinhloko esisetshenziselwa ukwakha izinto zobumba ezimunca amabhande amaningi; ama-nanoparticles e-ceramic we-inorganic Ceramic kanye nezinto ze-polymer ezingaphili zihlangana ukuze zenze izinto ze-ceramic infrared stealth, uhlobo lokumboza. Ukuze kukhiqizwe ukumuncwa okusebenzayo kwe-broadband electromagnetic wave, ama-nanoparticles e-ceramic we-inorganic ahlakazwa ngokufanayo ku-polymer matrix ye-inorganic futhi alawulwa ngokucophelela.