Ithebula Lokuqhathanisa Elisha Kakhulu Lamabanga Ensimbi Engagqwali
Insimbi engagqwali isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yokukhiqiza emhlabeni wonke, kodwa ngenxa yamazinga ahlukene kanye nezindlela zokuqamba insimbi engagqwali emazweni nasezifundeni ezihlukahlukene, kuvame ukuba nezithiyo ezithile ekuqondeni nasekuxhumaneni. Ukuze usize amabhizinisi nabathengi babone kangcono futhi bakhethe izinto ezifanele, i-JIEHUANG ihlanganise ithebula lokuqhathanisa lamazwe ngamazwe elinemininingwane yamabanga ensimbi engagqwali. Leli thebula liqhathanisa izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe eziyinhloko (njengezinga le-GB lase-China, izinga le-ASTM lase-United States, izinga le-EN laseYurophu kanye nezinga le-JIS lase-Japan) ukuze lisetshenziswe ngokushesha lapho kukhethwa futhi kuthengwa izinto zensimbi engagqwali. Lokhu akukwazi nje ukuthuthukisa ngempumelelo ukuthengwa kwempahla emngceleni, kodwa futhi kusize ukuqinisekisa ukunemba nokuvumelana kokukhethwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo.
| Ithebula Lokuqhathanisa Elisha Kakhulu Lamabanga Ensimbi Engagqwali | ||||||||||||
| Inombolo | Uhlobo | China | eRussia | EJalimane | France | Japan | inyamazane | British | Izinga lamazwe ngamazwe | eSweden | ||
| (GB) | (TOCT) | (DIN) | (NF) | (YENA) | ASTM/AISI | E-US | SAE | (BS) | (ISO) | (SS14) | ||
| 1 | Insimbi engagqwali ye-Austenitic | 1Cr17Mn6Ni5N | 12X17T9AH4 | - | - | I-SUS201 | 201 | S20100 | 30201 | - | A-2 | - |
| 2 | 1Cr18Mn8Ni5N | 12X17T9AH4 | I-X8CrMnNi189 | I-Z15CNM19.08 | I-SUS202 | 202 | S20200 | 30202 | 284S16 | A-3 | 2357 | |
| 3 | 1Cr18Mn10Ni5Mo3N | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 4 | 2Cr13Mn9Ni4 | Idatha ye-20X13H4T9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 5 | 1Cr17Ni7 | 09X17H7U | I-X12CrNi17.7 | Z12CN17.07 | I-SUS301 | 301 | I-S30100 | 30301 | 301S21 | 14 | - | |
| 6 | 1Cr17Ni8 | - | I-X12CrNi17.7 | - | I-SUS301J1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 7 | 1Cr18Ni9 | 12X18H9 | X12CrNi18.8 | I-Z10CN18.09 | I-SUS302 | 302 | I-S30200 | 30302 | 302S25 | 12 | 2331 | |
| 8 | Y1Cr18Ni9 | - | X12CrNiS18.8 | Z10CNF18.09 | I-SUS303 | 303 | S30300 | 30303 | 303S21 | 17 | 2346 | |
| 9 | I-Y1Cr18Ni9Se | 12X18H10E | - | - | I-SUS303Se | 303Se | I-S30323 | 30303Se | 303S41 | 17 | - | |
| 10 | 1Cr18Ni9Si3 | - | X12CrNiSi18.8 | - | I-SUS302B | 302B | I-S30215 | 30302B | - | - | - | |
| 11 | 0Cr18Ni9 | 08X18H10 | I-X5CrNi18.9 | I-Z6CN18.09 | I-SUS304 | 304 | I-S30400 | 30304 | 304S15 | 11 | 2332 | |
| 2333 | ||||||||||||
| 12 | 00Cr18Ni10 | 03X18H11 | I-X2CrNi18.9 | I-Z2CN18.09 | I-SUS304L | 304L | I-S30403 | 30304L | 304S12 | 10 | - | |
| 13 | 0Cr19Ni9N | - | - | - | I-SUS404N1 | 304N | I-S30451 | - | - | - | - | |
| 14 | 0Cr19Ni10NbN | - | X5CrNiNb18.9 | - | I-SUS304N2 | XM21 | I-S30452 | - | - | - | - | |
| 15 | 00Cr18Ni10N | - | X2CrNiN18.10 | I-Z2CN18.10 | I-SUS304LN | 304LN | I-S30453 | - | 304S62 | - | 2371 | |
| (The) | ||||||||||||
| 16 | 1Cr18Ni12 | 12X18H12T | I-X5CrNi19.11 | I-Z8CN18.12 | I-SUS305 | 305 | S30500 | 30305 | 305S19 | 13 | - | |
| 17 | 0Cr18Ni12 | 8X18H12T, 06X18H11 | I-X5CrNi19.11 | I-Z8CN18.12 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 18 | 0Cr23Ni13 | - | X7CrNi23.14 | - | I-SUS309S | 309S | I-S30908 | 30309S | - | - | - | |
| 19 | 0Cr25Ni20 | - | - | - | I-SUS310S | 310S | I-S31008 | 30310S | - | - | 2361 | |
| 20 | 0Cr17Ni12Mo2 | Idatha ye-08X17H13M2T | I-X5CrNiMo18.10 | I-Z6CND17.12 | I-SUS316 | 316 | I-S31600 | 30316 | 316S16 | 20,20a | 2347 | |
| 21 | 1Cr17Ni12Mo2 | 10X17H13M2T | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 22 | 0Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti | Idatha ye-08X17H13M2T | X10CrNiMoTi18.10 | I-Z6CNDT17.12 | - | - | - | - | 320S31 | - | 2343 | |
| 320S17 | -2350 | |||||||||||
| 23 | 1Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti | 10X17H13M2T | X10CrNiMoTi18.10 | I-Z8CNDT17.12 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2350 | |
| 24 | 00Cr17Ni14Mo2 | 03X17H14M2 | X2CrNiMo18.10 | Z2CND17.12 | I-SUS316L | 316L | I-S31603 | 30316L | 316S12 | 19,19a | 2353 | |
| 25 | 0Cr17Ni12Mo2N | - | - | - | I-SUS316N | 316N | I-S31651 | - | - | - | - | |
| 26 | 00Cr17Ni13Mo2N | - | X2CrNiMoN18.12 | Z2CND17.12 | I-SUS316LN | 316LN | I-S31653 | - | 316S61 | - | 2375 | |
| (THE) | ||||||||||||
| 27 | 0Cr18Ni12Mo2Cu2 | - | - | - | I-SUS316J1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 28 | 00Cr18Ni14Mo2Cu2 | - | - | - | I-SUS316J11 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 29 | 0Cr18Ni12Mo3Ti | Idatha ye-08X17H15M3T | - | I-Z6CNDT17.13 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 30 | 1Cr18Ni12Mo3Ti | 10X17H13M3T | X10CrNiMoTi18.12 | I-Z8CNDT17.13B | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 31 | 0Cr19Ni13Mo3 | Idatha ye-08X17H15M3T | I-X5CrNiMo17.13 | - | I-SUS317 | 317 | S31700 | 30317 | 317S16 | 25 | - | |
| 32 | 00Cr19Ni13Mo3 | Idatha ye-03X16H15M3 | X2CrNiMo18.16 | Z2CND19.15 | I-SUS317L | 317L | I-S31703 | - | 317S12 | 24 | 2367 | |
| 33 | 0Cr18Ni16Mo5 | - | - | - | I-SUS317J1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 34 | 1Cr18Ni9Ti | 12X18H9T | X12CrNiTi18.9 | I-Z10CNT18.10 | I-SUS321 | 321 | I-S32100 | 30321 | 321S20 | - | 2337 | |
| 35 | 0Cr18Ni10Ti | 08X18H10T | X10CrNiTi18.9 | I-Z6CNT18.11 | I-SUS321 | 321 | I-S32100 | 30321 | 321S12 | 15 | - | |
| 36 | 1Cr18Ni11Ti | 12X18H10T | - | - | - | - | - | - | 321S20 | - | - | |
| 37 | 0Cr18Ni11Nb | 08X18H12B | X10CrNiNb18.9 | I-Z6CNNb18.10 | I-SUS347 | 347 | S34700 | 30347 | 347S17 | 16 | 2338 | |
| 38 | 1Cr18Ni11Nb | 12X18H12B | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 39 | 0Cr18Ni9Cu3 | - | - | I-Z6CNU18.10 | I-SUXM7 | XM7 | I-S30430 | - | - | D32 | - | |
| 40 | 0Cr18Ni13Si4 | - | - | - | I-SUSXM15J1 | I-XM15 | S38100 | - | - | - | - | |
| 41 | I-Austenitic ∣ Insimbi yeFerritic | 0Cr26Ni5Mo2 | Idatha ye-08X21H6M2T | I-X8CrNiMo275 | - | I-SUS329J1 | 329 | S32900 | - | - | - | 2324 |
| 42 | 1Cr18Ni11Si4AlTi | I-15X18H12C4TЮ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 43 | 1Cr21Ni5Ti | 12X21H5T | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 44 | 00Cr18Ni5Mo3Si2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 45 | 00Cr24Ni6Mo3N | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 46 | I-Ferritic Stainless Steel | 0Cr13A1 | 1X12CYU | I-X7CrAl13 | I-Z6CA13 | I-SUS405 | 405 | S40500 | 51405 | 405S17 | 2 | 2302 |
| 47 | 00Cr12 | - | - | - | I-SUS410L | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 48 | 1Kr15 | - | - | - | I-SUS429 | 429 | S42900 | 51429 | - | - | - | |
| 49 | 00Cr17 | - | - | - | I-SUS430LX | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 50 | 1Kr17 | 12x7 | X8Cr17 | I-Z8C17 | I-SUS430 | 430 | S43000 | 51430 | 430S15 | 8 | 2320 | |
| 51 | Y1Cr17 | - | I-X12CrMoS17 | I-Z10CF17 | I-SUS430F | 430F | I-S43020 | 51430F | - | 8a | 2383 | |
| 52 | 1Cr17Mo | - | I-X6CrMo17 | I-Z8CD17.01 | I-SUS434 | 434 | S43400 | 51434 | 434S17 | 9c | 2325 | |
| 53 | 00Cr17Mo | - | - | - | I-SUS436L | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 54 | 00Cr18Mo2 | - | - | - | I-SUS444 | 18Cr2Mo | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 55 | 1Cr25Ti | 15X25T | X8Cr28 | - | - | 446 | S44600 | 51446 | - | - | 2322 | |
| 56 | 00Cr27Mo | - | - | Z01CD26.1 | I-SUXM27 | XM27 | S44625 | - | - | - | - | |
| 57 | 00Cr30Mo2 | - | - | - | I-SUS447J1 | - | S44700 | - | - | - | - | |
| 58 | I-Martensite insimbi engagqwali | 1Kr12 | - | - | - | I-SUS403 | 403 | S40300 | 51403 | 403S17 | - | 2301 |
| 59 | 0Cr13 | 08x13 | I-X7Cr13, X7Cr14 | I-Z6C13 | I-SUS410S | 410S | I-S41008 | - | 430S17 | 1 | - | |
| 60 | 1Kr13 | 12x13 | I-X10Cr13 | I-Z12C13 | I-SUS410 | 410 | S41000 | 51410 | 410S21 | 3 | 2302 | |
| 61 | 1Cr13Mo | - | I-X15CrMo13 | - | I-SUS410J1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 62 | Y1Cr13 | - | I-X12CrS13 | I-Z12CF13 | I-SUS416 | 416 | S41600 | 51416 | 416S21 | 7 | 2380 | |
| 63 | 2Kr13 | 20x13 | I-X20Cr13 | I-Z20C13 | I-SUS420J1 | 420 | S42000 | 51420 | 420S37 | 4 | ||
I-RFQ:
1. Kuyini ukumelana nokugqwala kwezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene ezingenasici?
I-304 iyinsimbi engagqwali enenhloso ejwayelekile esetshenziswa kabanzi ukwenza amathuluzi nezingxenye ezidinga ukusebenza okuhle okuphelele (ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokubumba). Insimbi engagqwali engu-301 ibonisa ukuqina okusobala komsebenzi lapho ikhubazekile futhi isetshenziswa ezikhathini ezihlukahlukene ezidinga amandla aphezulu.
I-302 insimbi engagqwali empeleni iwuhlobo lwensimbi engagqwali engu-304 enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephezulu, engenziwa ukuthi ibe namandla aphakeme ngokugoqeka okubandayo.
I-302B iyinsimbi engagqwali enokuqukethwe kwe-silicon ephakeme futhi inokumelana okuphezulu ne-oxidation yezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. I-303 ne-303Se yizinsimbi ezingenasici ezisikwa mahhala eziqukethe isulfure ne-selenium ngokulandelanayo, ezisetshenziswa ezikhathini ezidinga ngokuyinhloko ukusika kwamahhala nokuqeda phezulu. I-303Se insimbi engagqwali iphinde isetshenziswe ukwenza izingxenye ezidinga ukucasuka okushisayo ngoba ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, le nsimbi engagqwali inokusebenza okuhle kokushisayo.
I-304L iwuhlobo lwensimbi engagqwali engu-304 enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephansi futhi isetshenziswa ezikhathini ezidinga ukushiselwa. Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephansi kunciphisa imvula yama-carbides endaweni ethinteke ukushisa eduze nendawo yokushisela, futhi imvula yama-carbides ingase ibangele ukugqwala kwe-intergranular (i-weld erosion) yensimbi engagqwali ezindaweni ezithile.
I-304N iyinsimbi engagqwali equkethe i-nitrogen, futhi i-nitrogen iyengezwa ukuze kwandiswe amandla ensimbi.
I-305 kanye ne-384 yensimbi engagqwali iqukethe okuqukethwe kwe-nickel ephezulu futhi inezilinganiso eziphansi zokuqina komsebenzi, okuzenza zifaneleke izikhathi ezihlukahlukene ezinezidingo eziphezulu zokubumba okubandayo.
308 insimbi engagqwali isetshenziselwa ukwenza izinduku zokushisela.
309, 310, 314 kanye nezinsimbi ezingagqwali ezingu-330 zonke zine-nickel ephakeme nokuqukethwe kwe-chromium ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana ne-oxidation namandla okukhasa ensimbi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. I-30S5 ne-310S izinhlobonhlobo zama-stainless steels angu-309 kanye nama-310, umehluko kuphela ukuthi anokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephansi ukuze kuncishiswe imvula yama-carbides eduze nendawo yokushisela. Insimbi engagqwali engu-330 inokumelana okuphezulu kakhulu ne-carburization kanye nokushaqeka okushisayo.
Izinsimbi ezingenasici ezingu-316 nezingu-317 ziqukethe i-aluminium, ngakho ukumelana kwazo nokugqwala kwemigodi ezindaweni zasolwandle namakhemikhali ezimbonini kungcono kakhulu kunalezo zensimbi engagqwali engu-304. Phakathi kwazo, insimbi engagqwali engu-316 inokuhlukahluka okuhlanganisa insimbi engagqwali enekhabhoni ephansi engu-316L, insimbi engagqwali ephezulu engu-316N equkethe i-nitrogen, kanye nensimbi engagqwali esika mahhala engu-316F enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesibabule.
I-321, 347 kanye ne-348 yizinsimbi ezingenasici ezizinzile nge-titanium, i-niobium, i-tantalum ne-niobium ngokulandelanayo, ezifanele izingxenye zokushisela ezisetshenziswa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. I-348 iyinsimbi engagqwali elungele imboni yamandla enuzi, futhi inemikhawulo ethile enanini le-tantalum ne-cobalt.
2. Kungani insimbi engagqwali nayo ikazibuthe?
Impendulo: Abantu bavame ukucabanga ukuthi omazibuthe bangaheha insimbi engagqwali ukuze baqinisekise ikhwalithi nobuqiniso bayo. Uma ingadonseli uzibuthe, ibhekwa njengento enhle futhi eqotho; uma iheha uzibuthe, ibhekwa njengenkohliso. Eqinisweni, lena indlela yokuhlonza yohlangothi olulodwa ngokwedlulele, engasebenzi futhi engalungile.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zensimbi engagqwali, ezingahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningana ngokuya ngesakhiwo senhlangano ekamelweni lokushisa:
1. I-Austenite: njenge-304, 321, 316, 310, njll.;
2. I-Martensite noma i-ferrite: njenge-430, 420, 410, njll.;
I-Austenite ayiwona uzibuthe noma ikazibuthe ebuthakathaka, kuyilapho i-martensite noma i-ferrite iyizibuthe.
Iningi lensimbi engagqwali esetshenziselwa amashidi amashubhu okuhlobisa i-austenitic 304 impahla, ngokuvamile engeyona i-magnetic noma ibuthene kazibuthe. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuguquguquka kokubunjwa kwamakhemikhali noma izimo ezihlukene zokucubungula okubangelwa ukuncibilika, i-magnetism ingase ivele, kodwa lokhu akukwazi ukubhekwa njengokuwumgunyathi noma okungafanelekile. Siyini isizathu?
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, i-austenite ayiyona i-magnetic noma inozibuthe ebuthakathaka, kuyilapho i-martensite noma i-ferrite inguzibuthe. Ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwengxenye noma ukwelashwa okungalungile kokushisa ngesikhathi sokuncibilika, inani elincane le-martensite noma isakhiwo se-ferrite sizobangelwa i-austenitic 304 insimbi engagqwali. Ngale ndlela, insimbi engagqwali engu-304 izoba ne-magnetism ebuthakathaka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva kokusebenza okubandayo, ukwakheka kwenhlangano ye-304 insimbi engagqwali nakho kuzoshintsha ku-martensite. Lapho kukhulu ukusebenza okubandayo, ukuguqulwa kwe-martensite kuyanda, kanye namandla kazibuthe ensimbi. Isibonelo, iqoqo lemichilo yensimbi, lapho ikhiqiza amashubhu angu-Φ76, akukho ukungeniswa kukazibuthe okusobala, futhi lapho ikhiqiza amashubhu angu-Φ9.5. Ukungeniswa kukazibuthe kubonakala kakhulu ngenxa yokuguquguquka okukhulu okugoba okubandayo. Ukuguqulwa kwamashubhu ayisikwele kanye nama-rectangular kukhulu kunamashubhu ayindilinga, ikakhulukazi emakhoneni, futhi ukuguqulwa kunamandla kakhulu futhi i-magnetism ibonakala kakhulu.
Ukuqeda ngokuphelele uzibuthe we-304 steel okubangelwa izizathu ezingenhla, ukwelashwa kwesisombululo esiqinile esisezingeni eliphezulu kungasetshenziswa ukubuyisela isakhiwo esizinzile se-austenite, ngaleyo ndlela kuqedwe i-magnetism.
Kufanele kuboniswe ikakhulukazi ukuthi i-magnetism ye-304 yensimbi engagqwali ebangelwa izizathu ezingenhla ihluke ngokuphelele kumagnetism wezinye izinto ezifana ne-430 ne-carbon steel, okungukuthi, i-magnetism ye-304 yensimbi ihlale ibonisa i-magnetism ebuthakathaka.
Lokhu kusitshela ukuthi uma insimbi engagqwali inemagnetism ebuthakathaka noma ingenawo nhlobo uzibuthe, kufanele yahlulelwe njengezinto ezi-3-4 noma ezingama-316; uma ifana ne-magnetism ye-carbon steel, ibonisa i-magnetism eqinile, ngakho-ke yahlulelwa ukuthi ayiyona into engu-304.
Siphakamisa ukuthi uma uthenga imikhiqizo yensimbi engagqwali, kufanele ukhethe imikhiqizo kubakhiqizi abahloniphekile, ungahaheli ukushibhile, futhi uqaphele ukukhohliswa.