Iziphene ezifihlakeleyo kwiAluminiyam Die Casting Parts: Isikhokelo seNgcali soLawulo loMgangatho
Iziphene ezifihliweyo eziqhelekileyo kwi-aluminium Die Casting Components
Abavelisi becandelo lokufa bajongana nengxaki yabo enkulu kunye neziphene ezifihliweyo. Ezi ziphene zingabonakaliyo zingenza buthathaka ukuthembeka kwesakhiwo, kunciphise ukusebenza, kwaye kubangele ukuba amacandelo angaphumeleli kwangoko. Iingcali zolawulo lomgangatho kufuneka ziqonde ezi ziphene kumanqanaba amancinci ukuze kugcinwe ukuveliswa kwemveliso kungaguquki.
I-Porosity: Ingozi engabonakaliyo kwiMfezeko yoLwakhiwo
I-voids encinci okanye imingxuma ngaphakathi kwentsimbi yenza buthathaka kakhulu amandla ecandelo kwiindawo ze-aluminiyam yokufa. Ezi ziphene, ezaziwa ngokuba yi-porosity, zenza malunga ne-5% yomthamo opheleleyo kwiindawo. I-gas porosity kunye ne-shrinkage porosity zimbini iintlobo eziphambili. Irhasi porosity ibonakala njengengqukuva engqukuva, imingxunya egudileyo eyakha xa iirhasi zibanjiswa njengoko isinyithi siqina. Oku kwenzeka ngeendlela ezininzi: i-hydrogen ibaleka kwisinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo, isiphithiphithi senzeke ngexesha lokuzaliswa, okanye iigesi ziphuma kwii-arhente zokukhulula ukungunda.
Iikhontrakthi zetsimbi ngokungalingani ngexesha lezigaba zokupholisa kwaye zenze i-shrinkage porosity. Ezi voids zijongeka zi-angular kwaye zibonisa ubukhulu becala ngaphakathi kumacandelo ashinyeneyo apho umahluko wobushushu phakathi komphezulu kunye nombindi uphezulu. Zombini ezi ntlobo ze-porosity zenza amalungu abe buthathaka, angabinaxinzelelo kangako, kwaye adale iindlela zokuvuza kuwo onke amacandelo e-aluminium yokufa.
IiShuthi ezibandayo kunye neMizila yokuHamba: Ukungafezeki komphezulu
Ukuvalwa okubandayo kuphakathi kwezona ziphene zixhaphakileyo kumphezulu onokuthi uzifumane kumacandelo okuphosa ukufa. Ungazibona njengemigca ecacileyo, engaqhelekanga, etshoneyo enemiphetho egudileyo apho idibana khona. Ezi ziphene zenzeka xa imijelo emibini yentsimbi ingadibani kakuhle ngexesha lokuzaliswa. Umqukuqelo wesinyithi uqhekeka ube yimisonto emininzi, kwaye umphambili womlambo ngamnye uphuhlisa umphambili oqinileyo ongakwaziyo ukudibana nentsimbi engenayo.
Ubushushu obuphantsi besinyithi obunyibilikisiweyo, ulawulo olubi lobushushu lokungunda, uyilo olubi lwesango, kunye nesantya sokuzalisa esicothayo konke kunokubangela ukuvalwa okubandayo. Ezi ziphene zomphezulu zihlala zivela kwiindawo ezikude kakhulu kumasango apho iintsimbi ezininzi zidibana khona. Ukuvala okubandayo akubonakali kakubi nje - kudala iindawo ezibuthathaka ezinokuqhekeka phantsi koxinzelelo lomatshini.
Iziphene zokushwabana: Imingeni yoMda
Isinyithi ngokwemvelo sivumelane ngexesha lokupholisa, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni iziphene ngexesha lokuqina. Uya kufumana ezi ziphene kwiindlela ezimbini: i-shrinkage evulekileyo kwindawo yokuphosa kunye nokucutha okuvaliweyo ngaphakathi njenge-voids. Imilo ye-angular ye-shrinkage cavities ibenza bahluke kwi-porosity yegesi, kwaye bahlala bedala i-branching fractures yangaphakathi.
I-aluminiyam eshinyeneyo yokujula iindawo ezineengile ezininzi zidla ngokuphuhlisa iziphene zokushwabana, ngakumbi xa iipateni zokuqiniswa zingalingani. Uyilo olubi lwenkqubo yokupholisa, ukuvula umngundo kwangethuba, kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu okugalela adla ngokubangela ezi ngxaki. Amalungu analo mahluko anobukhulu awabukeki ngokwahlukileyo kuphela kodwa asenokungangeni kakuhle ngexesha lokuhlanganisa.
Ukubandakanywa kweMetal: Ukungcola kwezinto zangaphandle
Ukufakwa kwesinyithi kolunye uhlobo lwesiphene esifihliweyo - iinqununu ezingafunekiyo okanye izinto ezingcolisa isinyithi ngexesha lokuphosa. Ngokungafaniyo ne-gesi porosity, i-inclusions ivela kwiincinci eziqinileyo. Zibonakala njengemingxuma emile okwemilo engaqhelekanga kumphezulu okanye ngaphakathi kwisanti kwaye iqulethe imathiriyeli yangaphandle.
Uya kufumana iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokufakwa: i-slag ekuphatheni kakubi, i-oxides (ingakumbi i-aluminium oxide), i-particle refractory, i-sludge, kunye neendawo ezinzima. Iialloyi ze-aluminiyam zijongene nemingeni ethile kunye neekhompawundi ze-intermetallic ezifana ne-FeAl3 (intsimbi kunye ne-aluminiyam) kuba zikhangeleka kwaye zivakalelwa ngokwahlukileyo kwizinto ezingqongileyo. Ezi zingcolisi zingena kwi-casting ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zomlilo ezimdaka, ukulungiswa kakubi, ukususwa kwe-slag embi, okanye i-graphite eyaphukileyo evela kwi-crucibles. Ukufakwa kwenza iinxalenye zibe sengozini ngakumbi kwezinye iziphene, zibangele ukukhukuliseka komhlaba, buthathaka isakhiwo, kwaye ziguge izixhobo ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lomatshini.
Iindlela zokuHlola eziBalulekileyo kwiiNdawo zeAluminiyam yeDie Cast
Amaqela olawulo lomgangatho afuna iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokuhlola ukufumana iziphene kumacandelo e-aluminium die cast cast. Ezi ndlela zinceda ukufumanisa ukuba iinxalenye ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho yomgangatho ngaphambi kokufikelela kubathengi. Olona lawulo lusemgangathweni ludibanisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubona iziphene ezingaphezulu kunye nezingaphakathi.
I-X-ray kunye ne-CT Scanning yokuFumana isiphene sangaphakathi
Ukuhlolwa kwe-X-reyi kuhlala kuyeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokujonga ubume bangaphakathi beenxalenye ze-aluminium ngaphandle kokuwonakalisa. Le ndlela ityhila ukuxinana kweenguqu ukusuka kwi-porosity, i-shrinkage cavities, kunye ne-inclusions ongenakuyibona ngamehlo akho. I-X-reyi yesiNtu yenza imifanekiso ye-2D. Ukuskena okukwi-Advanced Computed Tomography (CT) kuthatha amakhulu emifanekiso kwii-engile ezahlukeneyo ukwakha imodeli ye-3D eneenkcukacha.
I-micro-CT scanners yamva nje inokubona i-voids encinci phakathi kwe-1.7 μm kunye ne-30 μm. Aba matshini benza imifanekiso engwevu apho i-voids ibonakala imnyama kunentsimbi ebangqongileyo. I-CT scanning yemizi-mveliso yanamhlanje ithatha nje imizuzwana eyi-12, iyenza igqibelele ukukhangela umgangatho wemveliso. Iinjineli zinokusebenzisa isoftware yohlalutyo lwe-CT ukwenza iingxelo ezineenkcukacha malunga nobukhulu obungenanto, ukuxinana, kunye nendawo xa kuvavanywa iindawo.
Uvavanyo lweDayi oluNgenelelayo lweziphene zoMphezulu
Ukuhlolwa kwedayi nge-penetrant (DPI) ifumanisa iziphene zokwaphuka umphezulu kwiindawo zokuphosa i-aluminiyam ngokusebenzisa i-capillary action. Olu vavanyo lungonakalisiyo lwenza iintanda, ukubola, kunye neengxaki ezingaphezulu ezinokungaqatshelwa. Inkqubo isebenza ngamanyathelo amathandathu:
- Coca umphezulu ukususa ioyile, ubumdaka kunye nongcoliseko
- Faka i-low-viscosity yedayi yokungena ngokudipha, ukutshiza okanye ukuxubha
- Vumela idayi ingene kwiziphene
- Susa ukungena okungaphezulu ngaphandle kokuhlamba umphezulu
- Faka isicelo somphuhlisi ukuba atsale ongeneyo kwiziphene
- Khangela phantsi kokukhanya okufanelekileyo
Iziphene zibonisa iimpawu ezibomvu ezibomvu-iintanda zibukeka njengemigca okanye iipateni ezinamachaphaza, ngelixa i-porosity ibonisa njengamachaphaza okanye iindawo ezinemibala. I-DPI ibonelela ngendlela efikelelekayo yokufumana iziphene zomhlaba kwi-aluminium castings kuba ifuna izixhobo ezincinci kwaye isebenza zombini kwiilebhu nakwisiza.
Uvavanyo loxinzelelo lokuchongwa kokuvuza
Amacandelo afuna ukunyanzeliswa koxinzelelo afuna iimvavanyo ezikhethekileyo ukujonga ingqibelelo yawo ngaphandle kokuwatshabalalisa. Uvavanyo loxinzelelo lufumana i-porosity engaqhelekanga okanye ukuvuza okuncinci okunokubangela iingxaki ngexesha lokusebenza. Amaqela omgangatho avavanya iinxalenye zoxinzelelo phakathi kwe-80-300 psi, kunye nemigangatho emitsha esebenzisa uxinzelelo oluphezulu lokuthembeka okungcono.
Olu vavanyo lunceda abavelisi ukuba bafumane iindawo ezibuthathaka kwiindawo ze-aluminiyam yokufa ngaphambi kokuba zijike zibe ziintanda okanye zivuze. Ukuvavanya kwangethuba kwimveliso-phambi komatshini okanye indibano-kunciphisa iindleko zesiphene. Uvavanyo olupheleleyo luthatha imizuzu emibini kuphela kwaye ludala iingxelo ezinesitampu sexesha ukuze kubhalwe.
IiTeknikhi zoQinisekiso oluDimensional
Amalungu okujula i-aluminiyam afuna uqwalaselo oluchanekileyo lwe-dimensional ukuqinisekisa ukuba afanelekile kwaye asebenza ngokuchanekileyo. Abavelisi basebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwii-micrometers ezisisiseko kunye neegeji ukuya kwi-Advanced Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM). Itekhnoloji ye-CMM inika eyona nto ichanekileyo kwiimilo ezintsonkothileyo ngokusebenzisa iiprobe zokulinganisa ezilawulwa yikhompyuter.
Iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zidinga amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuchaneka. Ezinye iindawo zokuphosa i-aluminiyam kufuneka zibe phakathi kwe-±0.05 mm ububanzi kunye ne-± 0.2 mm ubude. Amaqela asemgangathweni ahlola imilinganiselo ebalulekileyo ngexesha lemveliso kunye nokuhlolwa kokugqibela, ngakumbi kwiindawo apho abathengi baphawula njengento ebalulekileyo. Idatha yokulinganisa inceda abavelisi ukulungisa imiba yenkqubo enokubangela iimilo zenxalenye ezingahambelaniyo, ezikhokelela kumgangatho ongcono.
Oonobangela beMiba yoMgangatho kwiNkqubo yeDie Casting
Ukuvelisa ukugqwesa kwiinkqubo zokuphosa ukufa kuxhomekeke ekuchongeni nasekulawuleni izinto eziguquguqukayo ezichaphazela umgangatho wenxalenye. Impumelelo ivela ekuqondeni iindlela ezisemva kweziphene kunokulungisa nje iingxaki ezibonakalayo.
Iingxaki zokulawula ubushushu
Ukungangqinelaniamaqondo obushushuivelele njengeyona ngxaki inkulu kwiinkqubo zokuphosa i-aluminium die. Amaqondo obushushu afayo awehlayo ngaphantsi koluhlu olufanelekileyo adala iingxaki ezinzulu zomgangatho obandakanya ukugcwaliswa komngundo okungaphelelanga, ukungachaneki kakuhle komgangatho, kunye nokuqina kwangaphambili kokunyibilika. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu abangela imiba enzima efana ne-deformation, ukunamathela ekufeni, kunye nokushwabana kwemingxuma.
Amaqondo obushushu kufuneka ahlale kwi-40% yeqondo lobushushu ukuze ufumane iziphumo ezingcono. Ingxubevange ye-aluminiyam efakwe kwi-670-710 ° C isebenza kakuhle kunye namaqondo obushushu phakathi kwe-230-280 ° C. Olu lungelelwano lweqondo lokushisa ludala iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokuphosa umgangatho ophezulu kunye nemilinganiselo ehambelanayo.
Iimilo zokulawula ubushushu ngaphezu kwenxalenye yejometri-ibumba ngokuthe ngqo i-microstructure yesinyithi. Ukulawulwa kweqondo lokushisa ngononophelo kunciphisa i-porosity. Isinyithi siqina ngokwezigaba ukusuka kumacandelo akude ukusuka kumasango ukuya kwiinkqubo ezisebenzayo. Ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo lwe-thermal lunceda ukufa ixesha elide ngokumisa iintanda zoxinzelelo kwi-overheating yendawo.
Isango elingafanelekanga kunye noyilo lweMbaleki
Inkqubo yokungena yenza okungaphezulu kunentsimbi etyhidiweyo yetshaneli-ilawula ukuhamba kwesantya, ukuhanjiswa koxinzelelo, kunye nokuzinza kwe-thermal. Isango elibi kunye noyilo lwembaleki ludala isiphithiphithi ngexesha lokuhamba kwesinyithi. Oku kudla ngokubambisa igesi kwaye kukhokelela kwiziphene zeporosity.
Ukulinganisa ikhompyuthangoku inceda ukwenza isango kunye noyilo lwembaleki. Ukulinganisa okukwinqanaba eliphezulu kwento ephelelisiweyo kunceda iinjineli ukuseta ubungakanani besango obuchanekileyo, izikhundla, kunye noyilo lwenkqubo yembaleki phambi kwemveliso yokwenyani. Le ntshukumo isuka kwiindlela zakudala zokulingwa kunye neempazamo ziye zaphucula umgangatho wezinga lokuqala ngobuninzi kwimveliso yokuphosa.
Iinkqubo zokuNganelanga zokungenisa umoya
Ukungangeni moya kakubi kubangela iziphene ezininzi zokuphosa. Ngaphandle kweendlela ezilungileyo zokuphuma komoya, uxinzelelo luyanda kumngxunya wokufa. Oku kuyeka ukuzaliswa okupheleleyo kwaye kudala iziphene ezinxulumene negesi. Ubungakanani bevent kufuneka buphathe umthamo womoya osusiweyo ngexesha lokutofa ngaphandle kokufikelela kwiimeko zebhloko ye-sonic.
Iinjineli kufuneka zibeke iminyango kwiindawo zokugqibela zokugcwalisa nalapho imigca yokuwelda yenzelwa khona. Iijometri ezintsonkothileyo zifuna izisombululo ezikhethekileyo. Iimbobo ezidityanisiweyo ezinemibhobho efanayo, imingxuma efanayo ivumela umoya ovalelweyo ukuba ubaleke kodwa unqande intsimbi ukuba ingangeni.
Die Imiba yokuFaka iLubricant Application
Ulawulo lwe-lubricant ye-die luchaphazela umgangatho wenxalenye ngeendlela ezimbini: isebenza njenge-arhente yokukhulula kwaye ilawula ubushushu. I-lubricant eninzi kakhulu inyusa ukubola kwerhasi njengoko iikhompawundi zidilika kwaye zikhuphe iirhasi xa uchukumisa isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo. I-lubricant encinci kakhulu ibangela iingxaki ze-soldering apho i-aluminiyam inamathela kumphezulu wokufa.
Izithambisi zokufa nazo zichaphazela ibhalansi yobushushu ngesiphumo sazo sokupholisa. Uphando lubonisa impumelelo yokupholisa itshintsha kakhulu ngobushushu bomphezulu. Obona bushushu buhamba buhamba ngezantsi kweLeidenfrost-apho ifilimu yomphunga eqhubekayo igquma umphezulu wokufa. Ukupholisa kuye kusebenze ngaphantsi kobu bushushu kuba isitshizi sesithambiso asikwazi ukutyhutyha umqobo womphunga.
Ukusebenzisa iiNkqubo eziSebenzayo zoLawulo loMgangatho
Ulawulo lomgangatho lubomi-gazi lokugqwesa kwimveliso ye-aluminium die casting. Ukuvelisa izityalo zifuna iinkqubo zolawulo ezineenkcukacha ezichonga kwaye zilungise iingxaki kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuvelisa ukuqinisekisa umgangatho ongaguqukiyo wenxalenye.
Ulawulo lweNkqubo yeStatistical for Die Casting
Ulawulo lweNkqubo yoBalo (i-SPC) isebenzisa iindlela zamanani ukujonga nokulawula iinkqubo zokuvelisa. I-SPC inceda abavelisi abafayo babone kwaye balungise iingxaki ngokukhawuleza ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zokubonwa kwedatha ezifana neetshathi zokulawula. Le ndlela ibamba iimpawu ezilumkisayo phambi kokuba kubekho iziphene.
Ukuphunyezwa kwe-SPC kulandelelanisa izinto eziphambili ezifana noxinzelelo lwe-injection (100-150 MPa), ukushisa okunyibilikayo (680-720 ° C), kunye namazinga okupholisa (10-20 ° C / s). Abavelisi banokugcina ulawulo oluluqilima kwiinkqubo zokuphosa ngokuhlalutya ezi parameters. Oku kulungiswa kunciphisa inkcitho, kucutha iindleko, kwaye kwenza abathengi bonwabe.
Ukuseka iiNdawo zoHlolo eziBalulekileyo zoMgangatho
Ulawulo lomgangatho kufuneka lwenzeke kwinqanaba ngalinye lemveliso, ukusuka kuhlolo lwemathiriyeli yokuqala ukuya kuqinisekiso lokugqibela lwemveliso. Ezona zicwangciso zomgangatho ophezulu ziseka iindawo zokukhangela kumanqanaba aphambili kulo lonke ukuveliswa.
Abavelisi baqala ngokuvavanya imathiriyeli engenayo ngokwekhemikhali nangoomatshini. I-alloys ye-aluminium iqulethe i-95% ye-aluminium kunye ne-5% ye-silicon, enegunya elinamandla le-250-300 MPa. Inkqubo iyaqhubeka kunye nokulungelelanisa oomatshini bokulinganisa (CMM) abathelekisa iinxalenye kwiimodeli ezintathu-dimensional. Ukuhlolwa okucokisekileyo phambi kokuthumela ngenqanawa kuqinisekisa ukuba abathengi abaze bafumane iimveliso ezineziphene.
Amaxwebhu kunye neeMfuno zokulandelelwa
Ukulandeleka kuye kwaba yinto ebalulekileyo kumalungu okujula i-aluminiyam, ngakumbi kwizinto ezinomgangatho ophezulu wentembeko. Inkqubo epheleleyo yokulandelelwa idinga izinto ezintathu ezisisiseko:
- Inxalenye eyodwa yokumakisha ngeekhowudi zokuzazisa zomntu ngamnye
- Ukufundwa kweekhowudi kumanqanaba athile emveliso
- Ukuphathwa kwedatha ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zokwenziwa kwemveliso
Imekobume erhabaxa ye-Foundry yenza lo mceli mngeni, kodwa itekhnoloji yokumakisha i-laser ibonelela ngochongo oluthembekileyo olusindayo kunyango lobushushu. Olu xwebhu ludala "isiqinisekiso sokuzalwa" kwicandelo ngalinye. Inkqubo inika ufikelelo kwi-alloy kunye nenkqubo yedatha ukuba iingxaki ziyenzeka ngelixa kuphuculwa umgangatho wenxalenye, ulawulo, kunye nolungiselelo.
Izisombululo eziPhezulu zoThintelo lweAluminiyam yokuCasa iziphene
Ulawulo lomgangatho wedwa alukwazi ukuthintela iziphene kwiinkqubo zokuphosa i-aluminium die. Iinkampani zidinga itekhnoloji ephucukileyo ukuqinisekisa iziphumo ezikumgangatho ophezulu rhoqo.
I-Vacuum-Nceda kwi-Die Casting Technology
Ukuphosa okuncediswa yivacuum kunciphisa kakhulu iziphene ezinxulumene negesi kumalungu e-aluminiyam. Le teknoloji idala uxinzelelo olubi ngaphakathi kumngxunya wokufa kwaye isusa umoya obanjwe kunye neegesi ezibangela i-porosity. I-vacuum-assisted die casting (VADC) igcina amanqanaba aphakathi kwe-vacuum phakathi kwe-60-300 mbar. I-vacuum die casting ephezulu (i-HVDC) ifezekisa amanqanaba angcono e-vacuum angaphantsi kwe-60 mbar. Le teknoloji ineenzuzo ezininzi:
- Ukunyangwa kobushushu ngaphandle kwamadyunguza ngenxa yokuncipha kwerhasi porosity
- Iipropati ezingcono zoomatshini ngokuphuculwa koxinano
- Ukunyaniseka kolwakhiwo olungcono kwizicelo ezisebenza kakhulu
Iinkampani zonga imali ngeesistim ze-vacuum ngokunciphisa umsebenzi wasemva kokulungiswa kunye nenkunkuma evela kwiindawo ezineziphene.
Ukulinganisa iSoftware yokuPhucula iMetal Flow
Isoftware yokulinganisa ikhompyuter iguqule iinkqubo zoyilo lokuphosa i-aluminiyam. Iinjineli ngoku zinokuqikelela iingxaki ngokuchaneka okumangalisayo ngaphambi kokuba imveliso iqale. Iimodeli zesoftware zanamhlanje ezityhidiweyo ukuhamba kwesinyithi, iipateni zokuqina, kunye nokutshintsha kwe-thermal kuwo wonke umjikelo wokuphosa.
Izixhobo ezifana ne-MAGMASOFT® ziqhuba uyilo olwahlukeneyo lokuphosa ukufa kunye nokudityaniswa kweparamitha ngokuzenzekelayo ukufumana ezona meko zilungileyo zenkqubo. Le milinganiso ilandelela uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo, iqikelela inkqubela ye-microstructure, kwaye ibale iimpawu zoomatshini. Zonke ezi zinto zinceda ukukhusela iziphene kunye nokwandisa ubomi becandelo.
IiShedyuli zoThintelo loLondolozo lweZixhobo zokuCasa iiDie
Ukugcinwa rhoqo kwandisa ubomi besixhobo kwaye kunciphisa izinga lesiphako. Ishedyuli elungileyo yogcino lothintelo lugxile kwiinkalo ezisibhozo ezibalulekileyo: inkangeleko yomatshini, iisistim zehydraulic, amacandelo ombane, iindlela zokubamba, iinkqubo zokutofa, ukuthambisa, iinkqubo zokupholisa, kunye namacandelo aphezulu obushushu.
Umgangatho weoyile yeHydraulic ufuna ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kuba i-70% yokusilela komatshini wokufa ivela kwiingxaki ezinxulumene neoyile. Amaqela kufuneka ahlole iijoyinti zemibhobho ye-oyile, izikrufu zokuxhoma iivalvu, kunye noqhagamshelo rhoqo emva kweenyanga ezintandathu. Oku kuthintela ukuvuza kwaye kunqande umoya ukuba ungangeni kwi-hydraulic system.
Ukuqukumbela
Ukugqwesa kolawulo lomgangathoihlala ibalulekile kwimveliso ye-aluminiyam eyimpumelelo yokufa. Ukuqonda ngokucacileyo iziphene ezifihliweyo kuye kwakhokelela abavelisi ukuba basebenzise iindlela zokuhlola ezinobunkunkqele kunye nobuchwepheshe bokuthintela obugcina imigangatho ekhethekileyo.
Ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho kuye kwavela. Ngoku idibanisa uvavanyo lwemveli kunye nezisombululo eziphambili ezifana ne-CT scan, i-vacuum-assisted casting, kunye nesofthiwe yokulinganisa ikhompyutha. Ezi zixhobo zinceda abavelisi babone iziphene ezincinci kwangethuba. Banokwandisa iipateni zokuhamba kwesinyithi kwaye bathintele iziphene ezinokubiza.
Ulawulo lwenkqubo yeenkcukacha-manani lusebenza kunye neendawo eziphambili zokukhangela umgangatho ukuze kugcinwe ulawulo oluluqilima kwiinguqu ezibalulekileyo zemveliso. Ulawulo lomgangatho olomeleleyo luvela kumaxwebhu afanelekileyo kunye neenkqubo zokulandelelwa. Ezi nkqubo zibonelela ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo ukuphucula iinkqubo rhoqo.
Impumelelo yokuphosa iAluminiyam ixhomekeke kwizinto eziphambili. Ulawulo oluchanekileyo lobushushu, uyilo lwesango olulungisiweyo, umoya owaneleyo, kunye nokuthambisa okufanelekileyo kwefa kwenza umahluko. Abavelisi abagqwesileyo kwezi zinto kwaye basebenzise iindlela zokuhlola ezikumgangatho ophezulu benza izinto ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezihlangabezana nemigangatho engqongqo yoshishino ngokungaguqukiyo.