Kutheni iiNjineli zikhetha ii-Sintered Bearings: I-Powder Metallurgy Advantage

Inzululwazi ngasemva kweeBearings zeBronzi eziSintered

 

Inzululwazi yokwenziwa emva kweebheringi zobhedu ezisinkiweyo zixhomekeke kulawulo lwesinyithi oluchanekileyo olujika amasuntswana esinyithi ajijekileyo abe ngamacandelo asebenzayo aneporosity yobunjineli. Le nkqubo iphawulekayo iqala ngemathiriyeli ekrwada kwaye iphele ngecandelo elibonelela ngokuthanjiswa okungaguqukiyo kubo bonke ubomi bayo bokusebenza.

 

Umgubo weMetallurgy: Ukuguqula iMetal ibe yiPowder kunye noBuya

I-metallurgy yomgubo isebenza njengesiseko semveliso ye-sintered, ukuqala ngokudala umgubo wesinyithi. Abavelisi basebenzisa i-atomized bronze powder equlethe ubhedu kunye ne-9-11% yetoti. Umgubo udityaniswa kunye nezongezo, kubandakanywa izithambisi ezine-waxy ezinceda kwinkqubo yokudibanisa. Umxube ke ugqithela kwi-compaction ye-mechanical kwi-die presses kuxinzelelo olusuka kwi-200 ukuya kwi-1,500 MPa ngokusekelwe kubuninzi obufunekayo bokugqibela.

Inxalenye "eluhlaza" ishukuthela kwinkqubo ye-sintering emva kokudibanisa. Lo mjikelezo we-thermal utshisa icandelo malunga ne-820 ° C kwindawo elawulwayo ye-nitrogen kunye ne-hydrogen (ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-70: 30 ratio). Iqondo lobushushu lihlala ngaphantsi kwendawo yokunyibilika yesinyithi kodwa lifikelela phezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze libangele usasazo oluqinileyo. Amasuntswana esinyithi adibana kunye kwiindawo zoqhagamshelwano ngeli xesha libalulekileyo kwaye enze ulwakhiwo oluqinileyo kodwa olunemingxuma olugcina uzinzo lwalo.

 

I-Microstructure ye-Sintered Materials: I-Porosity ngoYilo

Iibheringi zebronze ezisiyiweyo zine-porosity enenjongo esebenza ngenjongo, ngokungafaniyo neentsimbi eziqinileyo. Ezi bheringi zikholisa ukuba ne-porosity phakathi kwe-15% kunye ne-25% ngomthamo. Olu phawu luseta izixhobo ezixutyiweyo ngaphandle kwesinyithi kwaye luchaphazela iipropathi zabo zoomatshini, ezishushu, kunye nezokusebenza ngobuninzi.

I-bearing's microstructure iquletheiipores ezidibeneyoeyenza uthungelwano kuyo yonke imathiriyeli. Le nethiwekhi ivumela i-lubricant ukuba ihambe ngokukhululekileyo ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sokuthwala. Iimpawu zePowder, uxinzelelo lokuxinana, kunye neemeko ze-sintering zinquma ubungakanani kunye nokusabalalisa kwezi pores. I-porosity ihlala "ivulekile" xa ilawulwa ngokufanelekileyo, oku kuthetha ukuba i-pores idibanisa kunokuba ibekho njenge-voids eyedwa.

I-porosity inciphisa amandla oomatshini xa kuthelekiswa neentsimbi eziqinileyo kodwa yenza ezi bheringi zixabiseke ngokuvumela ukuzithambisa.^[2]. Iinjineli zinokuhlengahlengisa ipesenti ye-porosity ngokusekelwe kwinto efunwa sisicelo, ukufumana ibhalansi efanelekileyo phakathi kwamandla kunye neemfuno zokuthambisa.

 

Inkqubo ye-Oil Impregnation: Ukudala i-Self-Lubrication

Ubhedu olunobhobhozo ludlula ekufakweni kwe-oyile emva kokuntywila. Le nkqubo ingundoqo ijika ibe yinto yokuzithambisa. Ukuthwala kuya kumagumbi okufunxa apho umoya ushiya iipores ngaphambi kokuntywiliselwa kwioyile ekhethekileyo. I-oyile igcwalisa ubuncinane i-90% yomthamo okhoyo wepore ngokusebenzisa isenzo se-capillary.

Ukuthwala kusebenza ngendlela ekhethekileyo yokuthambisa ngexesha lokusebenza. Ubushushu obuvela kujikelezo lweshaft ngokubhekiselele kumphezulu othweleyo benza i-oyile iphume iphume kwimingxuma iye kujongano lwe-bearing-shaft. Oku kudala ifilimu encinci yokuthambisa phakathi kweendawo ezihambayo. Ioyile ibuyela kwiipores ngesenzo se-capillary xa ukuzala kuphola ngexesha lokungenzi nto, igcina umjikelo oqhubekayo wokuthambisa.^[2].

Ukujikeleza kwe-oyile kudala oko iinjineli zikubiza ngokuba "yintshukumo yokumpompa". Iindawo ezilayishiweyo zikhupha ioyile ngexesha lokusebenza ngelixa iindawo ezingalayishwanga ziyibuyisela umva. Oku kudala inkqubo yokuthambisa engapheliyo esebenza ngaphandle kokugcinwa. Ezi bheringi zokuzithambisa zinokubaleka ngokuthembekileyo kwiiyure ezingama-3,000-5,000 ngaphandle kokufuna ukuthambisa okungaphezulu.

 

IiPropati zeMathiriyeli Ezonyusa ukusebenza

Iibheringi ze-Sintered zifumana ukusebenza kwazo okugqwesileyo kwiipropathi zezinto ezizodwa ezivela kwiinkqubo yokuvelisa umgubo wesinyithi. Ezi zakhiwo zinika iinxalenye ezitshisiweyo iingenelo ezinkulu ngaphezulu kwesamente eqhelekileyo okanye izinto ezenziwe ngoomatshini kusetyenziso oluninzi.

 

Ukusasazwa kwamandla afanayo vs. IiMathiriyeli zeCast

Inkqubo ye-metallurgy yomgubo idala izibonelelo ezingcono zolwakhiwo kuneendlela zokuphosa zemveli. Amalungu okujula ahlala enemiba kuba izinto ezityhidiweyo zealloy azipholi ngokulinganayo. Oku kukhokelela kumahluko kumandla, ukuxinana, kunye neepropathi ezishushu kulo lonke umbandela. Imveliso yokugqibela inokungcoliseka xa isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo sisabela kwizinto zotyalo-mali ngexesha lokusalwa.

Amacandelo e-Sintered ahlukile. Zinokwakheka okulinganayo kwinqanaba ngalinye lemveliso. Iincinci ze-Metal powder zisasazeka ngokulinganayo ngaphambi kokuxinwa kwaye zihlale kwindawo ngexesha lokutshisa. Oku kudala i-microstructure engaguqukiyo eyomelele, iqine, kwaye ixhathise ngakumbi ukunxitywa kuyo yonke indawo.

Inkqubo ye-sintering inika ulawulo olungcono kwi-microstructure ye-material kunokubunjwa okanye ukuphosa. Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba amacandelo e-sintered acutshungulwe kakuhle anokuba ngamaxesha angama-2-10 anamandla kunentsimbi etyhidiweyo. Amandla anokuba ngaphantsi ngenxa ye-porosity, kodwa isasazeka ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke indawo. Oku kwenza ukuba ukusebenza phantsi komthwalo kuqikeleleke ngakumbi.

 

Uzinzo lweDimensional Phantsi koKuguquguquka kweqondo lobushushu

Iibheringi ze-Sintered zikhanya ngokwenene xa kuziwa ekugcineni imilo yazo kumaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo. La malungu agcina ukunyamezelana okuqinileyo kunye nokuphazamiseka okuncinci ngenxa yendlela yabo yemveliso ekhethekileyo.

Izinto ezimbini eziphambili zidala olu uzinzo. Iipores zinika indawo yokwandiswa kwe-thermal kancinane ngaphandle kokutshintsha imilinganiselo yonke. I-microstructure efanayo iphinda ikhulise kwaye ivumelane ngokulinganayo kunezinto eziphosiweyo, ezithintela ukulwa kunye noxinzelelo lwamabala.

Oku kuzinza kunceda kakhulu xa amaqondo obushushu etshintsha ngexesha lokusetyenziswa. Iisampulu ze-aluminiyam oxide ziyancipha nge-17.6% ngexesha lokutshisa kwi-1600 ° C kodwa zigcina i-98.3% yoxinaniso olunxulumeneyo kunye nokuhambelana okukhulu kwe-dimensional. Izinto zentsimbi zihlala zichanekile naxa zitshiswe ngaphezulu kwe 2500°F (1370°C).

Ukuchaneka komgangatho ongcono kuvela kwizongezo ezilawulwayo. I-Silicon nitride eyongeziweyo kwiisampulu ze-boron-modified inceda ukuthintela ukugqwesa kakhulu ngexesha lokutshisa.

 

Nxiba iimpawu zokuNxhathisa kwii-alloys eziqhelekileyo

Unokufumana iibheringi ze-sintered kwimixube eyahlukeneyo yealloy, nganye ineempawu zayo zokuchasa:

I-Bronze-Based Alloys: Rhoqoibronze ene-sintered(I-90% yobhedu, i-10% ye-tin) ixhathisa ukugqoka kakuhle kwaye ihlala ixesha elide, okwenza kube yinto ekhethekileyo yokusetyenziswa kakhulu. Ukongeza igraphite kwiicomposites esekwe kubhedu kuzinceda zisebenze ngcono ngokukhuhlana okuncinci kwaye zihlale zizinzile kumaqondo obushushu amaninzi.

Ubhedu oluphambili: Ezi alloys zine-14-16% ilothe kwaye malunga ne-20% ngaphantsi kwe-tin kune-90-10 ye-bronze eqhelekileyo. Badala ukukhuhlana okuncinci kwaye baxhathise ukukrala ngcono xa isithambiso sisehla. Uvavanyo lubonisa ukuba ezi zixhobo zingahlala amaxesha angama-7-10 ubude kunentsimbi eqengqelekayo kwiimeko ezithile (Pv = 6-12 MPa · m/sec).

Imidibaniso yobhedu-yentsimbi: Le milinganiselo yesantya sorhwebo yealloyi yamandla angcono oxinzelelo. Basebenza kakhulu ukothuka kunye nemithwalo enzima. Ukongeza i-1.5% yekhabhoni yasimahla ivumela ezi zixhobo ukuba ziphathwe ubushushu ukuze zifikelele kubulukhuni be-Rockwell C65, nto leyo ezenza zikwazi ukumelana nempembelelo.

I-Iron-Based Alloys: Ezi ndleko ziphantsi kodwa zenza iibheringi ezilungileyo, nto leyo ezenza zidume kwiimoto. Babambe ioli eninzi ngenxa ye-porosity ephezulu kwaye baxhathise ukunxiba kakuhle, nangona banemida ephantsi ye-PV.

Ubushushu be-sintering budlala indima enkulu kwiipropati zokugqoka. I-Ultra High-Temperature Sintering (UHTS) ngaphezu kwe-2500 ° F (1370 ° C) idala ama-pores amancinci, asasazeke kuyo yonke into. Oku kwenza iindawo zomelele, zomelele, kwaye zixhathise ukunxitywa kuneendlela eziqhelekileyo zokuthambisa.

 

Self-Lubricating Sintered Bearings: Zisebenza njani

 

I-self-lubricating sintered bearings isebenza ngenkqubo ephawulekayo yokuthambisa i-loop lubrication esebenza ngaphandle koncedo lwangaphandle. La macandelo anyamekela ukuthanjiswa kwawo ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezikhethekileyo ezihambelana neemeko zokusebenza.

 

Indlela yokuSebenza yeCapillary

Amandla e-self-lubricating sintered bearings avela kwisakhiwo se-porous esidibeneyo, esine-10% ukuya kwi-35% yomthamo opheleleyo wokuthwala. Ezi pores zidala uthungelwano oluntsonkothileyo kuyo yonke into kwaye zisebenza njengemithombo yeoli. Ukuzaliswa koqobo kwezi voids kwenzeka ngevacuum impregnation, apho umoya uphuma kwi pores phambi kokuba ioyile ingene. Iindonga ezinemingxuma emva koko zitsale kwaye zibambe i-oyile ngokusebenzisa amandla e-capillary - inkqubo efanayo yendalo eyenza ulwelo lunyuke ngokuchasene nomxhuzulane kwiindawo ezixineneyo.

Olu phawu lwe-capillary ludala into iinjineli eziyibiza ngokuba "yi-running-in" umphezulu womgangatho wokutyibilika. Uyakubona ukusebenza okuphantsi kwengxabano nangaphambi kokuba i-bearing ifike kwindawo yayo emnandi. I-microstructure isebenza njengesiponji esigcina kwaye sikhuphe i-lubricant njengoko kuyimfuneko kubo bonke ubomi baso.

 

Ukukhutshwa kweOyile Ngexesha lokuSebenza

Ukuthwala kukhulula ioli kumphezulu wayo ngeendlela ezininzi xa iqalisa ukusebenza. Ubushushu obuvela kwingxabano phakathi kwe-shaft kunye ne-bearing yenza ukuba ioli yande. Olu lwandiso lutyhala ioli ethile kwi pores ukuya kumphezulu wokutyibilika.

Ukujikeleza kweshaft kudala "isenzo sokumpompa" ngaxeshanye. Esi senzo sivelisa imimandla yoxinzelelo olubi kwifilimu yeoli yokuthambisa kwaye ikhupha ioli eninzi ukusuka kumzimba othweleyo ukuya phezulu. Ngokudibeneyo, umphumo wokupompa kunye nokwandiswa kwe-thermal kudala ifilimu ye-oyile ekhuselayo phakathi kwe-shaft kunye ne-bearing ukukhusela i-metal-to-metal contact.

Ukuthwala kufuneka intshukumo ejikelezayo ukuze isebenze ngokufanelekileyo. Udinga isantya esiphezulu kunye nokujikeleza okuqhubekayo ukugcina ifilimu epheleleyo yokuthambisa kwindawo yokuthwala.

 

Ukubuyiswa kwakhona ngexesha leMijikelo yokuPholisa

Umjikelo we-self-lubricating uyaqhubeka xa ukujikeleza kuyeka kwaye ukuthwala kuphola. I-oyile eyongeziweyo ibuyela kwisakhiwo se-porous ngokusebenzisa isenzo se-capillary njengoko amaqondo obushushu ehla. Oku kubuyiselwa kwakhona kunqanda nayiphi na ioli ekwakheni okanye ukuvuza.

Ukuthwala kutsala umva ioyile enyanzelwe ukuba iphume kwiindawo ezilayishiweyo ngexesha lokusebenza. Oku kutshintshiselana rhoqo - ioli ephuma ngexesha lokusebenza kwaye iphinde ibuyele ngexesha lokuphumla - kudala umjikelo wokuthambisa ongapheliyo. Inkqubo igcina i-lubricant isasazeke ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke umphezulu wokutyibilika, ngoko ke ukusebenza kuhlala komelele nanjengoko umaleko wesilayidi usihla.

 

Iimetriki zokuSebenza: Izinto zePV kunye neMida yoMthwalo

 

Iinjineli zijonga iimethrikhi ezithile zokusebenza ukukhetha iibheringi ezine-sintered ezihambelana neemfuno zokusebenza ezahlukeneyo. Ezi parameters zobugcisa zinceda ukumisela imida yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo kunye nokuthintela ukungaphumeleli kwangaphambili.

 

Ukuqonda izinto zePV ekuKhethweni kweNqanawa

I-PV factor idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhetheni iibheringi ezine-sintered. Uyibala ngokuphinda-phinda umthwalo wokuthwala (P) ngeepounds nge-intshi nganye yesikweri sommandla oqikelelweyo wokuzala ngesantya somphezulu (V) ngeenyawo ngomzuzu. Oku kusinika isalathiso sobushushu obukhukhulayo kwindawo yokuthwala echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuba ihlala ixesha elingakanani. Iibheringi ezisemgangathweni eziqhelekileyo zinexabiso eliphezulu le-PV le-50,000. Abavelisi batusa ukugcina ukusebenza okuqhubekayo kwi-20,000 ukwandisa ubomi benkonzo ngaphandle kwe-lubrication eyongezelelweyo. Iibearings ze-Thrust zifuna ukuphathwa ngononophelo ngakumbi nge-PV ephezulu ye-10,000.

Ubomi be-bearing busebenza ngokuchasene nexabiso layo le-PV-i-PV ephezulu ithetha ubomi obufutshane benkonzo. Kungenxa yoko le nto iinjineli zihlala zikhetha amaxabiso aphantsi ePV akhuselekileyo ngexesha loyilo ukwenza izinto zihlale ixesha elide.

 

IStatic vs. Dynamic Load Capacity

Umthwalo omileyo kwenzeka xa imiphezulu ethweleyo ingashukumi xa ithelekiswa enye kwenye. Amandla ezinto eziphathekayo aba ngowona mba uphambili kwezi meko. Umda womthwalo ongatshintshiyo ubonisa amandla atshintsha idiyamitha yokuthwala ngesiqingatha setotali yonyamezelo oluvumelekileyo.

Umthwalo oguqukayo ubandakanya intshukumo egulela phantsi ukuthwala. Iibheringi ezine-Sintered zinemilinganiselo yomthwalo oguqukayo kwisinye esithathwini somlinganiselo wazo omileyo. Oku kuncitshiswa okukhulu kubonisa indlela ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo kuchaphazela ngayo iindawo zokuthwala.

 

Unyino lwesantya seMathiriyeli eDifferent Sintered

Uqulunqo ngalunye lwe-sintered lunemida yalo yesantya. Izixhobo ezisekwe kwiBronzi zikuvumela ukuba ubaleke ngesantya esiphezulu. Iingoma ezisekwe kwintsimbi zirhweba ngesantya ukuze zibe namandla acinezelayo. Iibheringi ze-sintered ezisemgangathweni zihlala zibaleka ngesantya esiphezulu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1000 yeenyawo ngomzuzu.

 

Iimpembelelo zobushushu kwiMida yokuSebenza

Iqondo lobushushu liyayitshintsha kakhulu indlela ezisebenza ngayo iibheringi ze-sintered. Uninzi lwee-oyile zokuthambisa ezisekwe kwiminerali zisebenza ngcono phakathi kwe-0-80°C. Ukusebenza kwehla ngokukhawuleza ngaphezu kwe-80 ° C, kuwela malunga ne-60% yamaxabiso aqhelekileyo.

Ubushushu bukwatshintsha indlela i-oyile ehamba ngayo ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo se-porous. Amaqondo obushushu ashushu enza ukuba i-oyile yande kwaye ihambe lula ukusuka kwimibhobho ukuya kwindawo yokuthwala. Amaqondo obushushu abandayo enza i-oyile ibe ngqindilili, nto leyo enokuthintela ukuthambisa okufanelekileyo xa uqalisa.

 

Ukuthelekisa ii-Sintered Bearings vs iiBearings zeBhola

 

Iinjineli kufuneka ziqonde umahluko osisiseko phakathi kwe-sintered kunye neebheringi zebhola ukufezekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu. Ezi ntlobo zokuthwala ziza kunye neenzuzo zazo ezenza ukuba zilungele iindawo ezithile zokusebenza.

 

Uthelekiso lwe-Friction Coefficient

Iibheringi zebhola kunye neebheringi ezine-sintered zibonisa iimpawu zokukhuhlana okwahlukileyo. I-coefficients ye-friction yeebheringi zebhola ziphantsi, ukusuka kwi-0.0008 ukuya kwi-0.0035 kuxhomekeke kuhlobo. Iibheringi ezi-Sintered zinexabiso eliphezulu lokukhuhlana kodwa ziyayilungisa ngezoisakhiwo esifakwe ngeolilonto ibagcina bethanjiswa. I-coefficient ye-friction kwi-sintered bearings inyuka njengoko i-oyile iyancipha, okwenza kube lula ukukhetha kwizicelo ezikhawulezayo ngaphandle kokuthambisa okufanelekileyo.

Iibheringi zebhola lolona bhejo lwakho lokunciphisa ilahleko yamandla ngenxa yokuba ziyaqengqeleka endaweni yesilayidi njengeebheringi ezine-sintered. Kodwa iibheringi ze-sintered inokuba lolona khetho lungcono kwimisebenzi yokumisa nokuhamba. Iimpawu zabo zokuzithambisa zithintela imiba yokutyibilika kwintonga odla ngokuyibona kwiibheringi zebhola ezingathanjiswanga kakuhle.

 

Ingxolo kunye neempawu zokungcangcazela

Iibheringi ezine-Sintered zibaleka zizolile kuneebheringi zebhola, ngakumbi kwisantya esiphezulu. Iibhodi zebhola zidala ingxolo ngenxa yokuba izinto zazo eziqengqelekayo ziyadibana. Amanqanaba engxolo athambekele ekunyukeni njengoko iibheringi zebhola zifikelela esiphelweni sobomi babo.

Iibheringi zebhola zithumela ukungcangcazela ngakumbi ngeenkqubo zoomatshini. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukungcangcazela kakhulu kunokubunqumla ubomi bufutshane kwaye bubenze bangxole. Intshukumo yokutyibilika kwiibheringi ezine-sintered ibanceda ukuba bafunxe ukungcangcazela ngcono. Oku kubenza ukhetho olukhulu kwizicelo apho ingxolo kufuneka igcinwe phantsi.

 

IiMfuno zokuZigcina: Ezicwangcisiweyo vs. UkuZigcina

Iimfuno zokugcinwa kwezi bheringi zahluke kakhulu. Iibheringi zebhola zifuna ukuthanjiswa rhoqo ukuze ziqhubeke zibaleka kakuhle kwaye zinqande ukusilela kwangoko. Iibheringi ze-Sintered zigcina i-oyile kwisakhiwo sazo se-porous, esenza inkqubo yokuzithambisa efuna ukulungiswa okuncinci.

Udinga amagcisa anezakhono zokujonga iibheringi zebhola ngexesha lenkonzo. Iibheringi ze-Sintered zihlala zisebenza njengoko ziqala ukusilela. Badla ngokwenza ingxolo encwinayo kunokuba bayibambe ngokupheleleyo—ngokungafaniyo neebheringi zebhola ezinokuthi zitshixeke ngaphandle kwesilumkiso.

 

Ubomi bexesha phantsi kweeMeko ezahlukeneyo zokuSebenza

Iibhola zebhola zihlala ixesha elide kwiimeko zesantya esiphezulu kunye nomthwalo ophezulu. Indawo yokusebenza idlala indima enkulu kwindlela uhlobo ngalunye oluqhuba kakuhle ngayo. Iibheringi ze-Sintered zenza kakuhle kwimisebenzi ezinzileyo, enesantya esiphakathi. Iibheringi zebhola zibamba ukuqalisa kokuyeka kunye nokusebenza umva ngcono.

Ubushushu buchaphazela ukuba zombini ezi ntlobo zithwala zihlala ixesha elingakanani. Iibheringi zebhola zisebenza kakuhle kuluhlu olubanzi lwamaqondo obushushu, aphezulu naphantsi. Iibheringi ezisindileyo zisebenza ngcono ukuya kuthi ga kwi-85°C. Ngaphezu koko, baphulukana namandla abo okuthambisa ngokukhawuleza.

 

Ukuqukumbela

Iibheringi ze-Sintered zimele impumelelo yobunjineli edibanisa isinyithi somgubo kunye nesakhono sokuzithambisa. Isakhiwo sazo esine-porous senza i-10% ukuya kwi-35% yomthamo opheleleyo kwaye yenza inethiwekhi yamajelo adibeneyo aqinisekisa ukuthambisa okuqhubekayo.

Ezi bheringi ezintsha zihlala zizinzile ngokwemilinganiselo kumaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo kwaye zigcina amandla ngokulinganayo kulo lonke uhlobo lwazo. Ngelixa ii-coefficients zabo zokukhuhlana zidlula ezo zeebheringi zebhola, indalo yazo yokuzithambisa izenza zigqibelele kwizicelo ezifuna ukugcinwa okuncinci kunye nokusebenza okuzinzileyo.

Inkqubo yokuvelisa ixhomekeke ekuchanekeni kwesinyithi kunye namaqondo obushushu athile obushushu phakathi kwe800°C kunye ne850°C. Oku kudala iibheringi ezisebenza ngokuthembekileyo kwizinto ze-PV ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50,000. Iingqungquthela zobhedu ezisemgangathweni kunye ne-90% yobhedu kunye ne-10% ye-tin inika ukhuseleko oluhle kakhulu malunga nokugqoka kunye nokubola. Ezi zakhiwo zenza ukuba zixabiseke kwimimiselo yokuvelisa umthamo ophezulu.

Iinjineli zifumana iibhenefithi ze-sintered 'zinyanzelekile. Zisebenza ngokuzolileyo, zifuna ukulungiswa okuncinci, kwaye zisebenza ngokuxhomekeka kwisantya esiphakathi kunye nemithwalo. Idityaniswe ne-self-lubrication, ezi mpawu zibenza babe lolona khetho lungcono xa umsebenzi ongaguquguqukiyo, ukugcinwa kwe-freelancer kubaluleke ngaphezu kwesantya esiphezulu okanye umthamo womthwalo.