Izinto zeCeramic

Izinto ze-ceramic zanamhlanje luhlobo olutsha lweeseramics eziphuhliswa kwii-ceramics zemveli ezisekelwe kwi-ceramics ezikhethekileyo kwaye zineempawu ezahlukileyo ezahlukileyo kwii-ceramics zendabuko. Sekude ngaphaya kwengcamango kunye nobubanzi beekeramics zendabuko. Yimveliso yeteknoloji ephezulu kunye entsha. Ngoko ke, izinto ze-ceramic ziyisifundo esidala kunye nesincinci.

Izinto ezibizwa ngokuba zii-ceramics zanamhlanje zizinto ze-inorganic non-metallic. Yenye yeendidi ezintathu eziphambili zemathiriyeli yanamhlanje ecaleni kwesinyithi kunye nezinto eziphilayo. Kwakhona kukwaziwa ngokubanzi kuzo zonke izinto ngaphandle kwezinto zetsimbi kunye nezinto eziphilayo. Eyona nto ixutyushwayo kwesi sahluko zizinto ze-ceramic zanamhlanje okanye izinto zale mihla ezingezizo ezentsimbi.

Izinto ze-ceramic zanamhlanje zineenkcazo eziphezulu zeteknoloji. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinto zemveli. Ikakhulu inezi mpawu zintathu zilandelayo:

(1) Ngokusekwe kwiimfuno zophuhliso lwenzululwazi nobuchwepheshe bale mihla. Kuyimveliso yophuhliso lwenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe bale mihla kwaye yimveliso yobugcisa obuphezulu.

(2) Inkqubo yokwenziwa kwemveliso inzima kwaye ifuna isikhokelo seempumelelo zenzululwazi nezobuchwepheshe zanamhlanje. Ngoko ke, yimveliso yobugcisa-olunzulu.

(3) Ineempawu ezibalaseleyo nezikhethekileyo kwaye inokuhlangabezana neemfuno zorhwebo kunye noshishino olutsha lweteknoloji.

Ukwahlula izinto ze-ceramic

Ngophuhliso lwemveliso kunye nesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe. Iindidi zezinto ze-ceramic kunye neemveliso zinyuka imihla ngemihla. Ukuze kube lula ukuqonda iimpawu zezixhobo ezahlukeneyo okanye iimveliso, zihlala zihlelwa kwii-angles ezahlukeneyo.

1. Ukuhlelwa ngokwemichiza

(1) Iiseramikhi zeoksidi. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeeramics ze-oxide, ezithatha indawo ebaluleke kakhulu kwintsapho ye-ceramic. Ezona zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo iiceramics ze-oxide yi-Al2O3, SiO2, MgO, ZrO3, CeO2, CaO. I-Cr2O3, i-mullite (3Al2O3.2SiO4) kunye ne-spinel (MgAl2O3), njl njl. I-Al2O3 kunye ne-SiO2 kwii-ceramics zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengentsimbi kunye ne-aluminium alloys kwizinto zetsimbi. Ezinye iiseramics zeoksidi zidweliswe kwiTheyibhuli 11.1. Ii-silicates nazo zezoluhlu lwe-oxide. NjengeZrsiO4. Umnxeba ulindile. Kukho kwakhona ii-oxides ezidibeneyo ezifana ne-BaT, i-CgyiO; njl. nazo ziwela kolu didi.

Izinto zeCeramic zihlelwa ngokubunjwa kweekhemikhali

(2) Iiseramikhi zeCarbide. Iiseramikhi zeCarbide zinendawo yokunyibilika ephezulu kuneeoksidi. Ezona zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ziyi-SIC, SC, Phoenix C. TIC njl. I-Carbide ceramics kufuneka ibe nokukhuselwa kwe-atmospheric ngexesha lokulungiselela inkqubo.

(3) Iiseramikhi zeamide. Eyona chloride isetyenziswa kakhulu yi-a-ji, eneempawu ezibalaseleyo zoomatshini kunye nokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu. Ukongeza, ukusetyenziswa kwe-TZN, BN, kunye ne-AI nitride ceramics kuya kusanda kakhulu. I-C3N4, esanda kuvela kutshanje, kulindeleke ukuba ibe nokusebenza okungcono kune-Si3O4.

(4) Iikhemikhali ezine zeseramikhi. Ukusetyenziswa kweekeramics zebhoride azibanzi kakhulu. Zisetyenziswa ikakhulu njengezongezo ezinzulu okanye izigaba zesibini ukuba zongezwe kwezinye iimatrices zeceramic ukuphucula ukusebenza. Ezona zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka iTi, Zr&, njl.

2. Ukuhlelwa ngokusebenza kunye nokusetyenziswa

(1) Iiseramikhi zesakhiwo. Iiseramikhi zolwakhiwo zisetyenziswa njengezinto zokwakha ukwenza iinxalenye zesakhiwo. Ubukhulu becala sebenzisa iimpawu zayo zomatshini. Amandla awomeleziweyo, ukuqina, ubulukhuni, imodyuli, ukuxhathisa ukunxiba, ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu (amandla obushushu obuphezulu, ukuxhathisa ukothuka kwe-thermal, ukuxhathisa kokuphuma kwamanzi), njl njl. Uninzi lweeseramikhi ezine ezihlelwa ngokwemichiza yenyukliya ekhankanywe ngasentla zezeseramikhi ezakhiweyo. Njengelitye le-AjZQ. I-3N4 kunye ne-ZX zizinto ezimele izixhobo ze-ceramic ezineempawu eziphezulu zoomatshini.

(2) Iiseramikhi ezisebenzayo. Iiseramics ezisebenzayo zisetyenziswa njengezinto ezisebenzayo ukwenza izixhobo ezisebenzayo, ikakhulu zisebenzisa iipropathi zazo ezibonakalayo ezinjengeepropathi ze-electromagnetic, iipropathi ze-thermal, iipropathi zokukhanya, iipropathi zebhayoloji, njl.njl. Umzekelo ferrite. Iiseramics ze-Ferroelectric zisetyenziselwa ubukhulu becala kwiipropathi zazo zombane. Isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-electromagnetic components, ii-ceramics ze-dielectric zisetyenziselwa ukwenza i-capacitors, kwaye ii-ceramics ze-piezoelectric zisetyenziselwa ukwenza izinzwa zokufuduka okanye uxinzelelo. Iiseramics eziqinileyo ze-electrolyte zingasetyenziselwa ukwenza ii-oxygen detectors zisebenzisa ii-ion transfer properties. I-Bioceramics isetyenziselwa ukwenza amathambo okwenziwa kunye namazinyo okwenziwa. Izinto ze-Superconducting kunye ne-optical fibers nazo ziyingxenye ye-ceramics esebenzayo.

Kuyafaneleka ukukhankanya ukuba ulwahlulo olungentla lunxulumene. Kunokuba ube msulwa, ngamanye amaxesha akukho mda ungqongqo phakathi kweeseramics zesakhiwo kunye neeseramics ezisebenzayo. Kwezinye izixhobo ze-ceramic, kukho zombini. Iiseramikhi zePiezoelectric. Nangona inokuthi ihlelwe njenge-ceramics esebenzayo, ineemfuno ezithile zeempawu zayo zomatshini, njengamandla, ukuqina, ukuqina, kunye ne-elastic modulus. Okokuqala, kufuneka ibe namandla aneleyo okuthintela umonakalo xa uxhathisa amandla e-E, ukwenzela ukuba iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-piezoelectric zifezekiswe. Ukongeza, ezifana neeseramics zesakhiwo ezinobushushu obuphezulu okanye iiseramikhi ezikwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu kunye nokumelana nomlilo kwiziphekepheke ezingangenwa bubushushu, nangona ziyinxalenye yodidi lweeseramikhi zesakhiwo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuxhathisa ukwanda kwe-thermal akunqunywanga kuphela ngamandla ayo, ukuqina, kunye ne-modulus, kodwa i-thermal conductivity kunye ne-coefficient yokwandisa i-thermal nayo iyafana neempawu zomatshini, ezinempembelelo ebaluleke kakhulu kwi-thermal shock resistance. Ukumelana nokubola kukusebenza okubalulekileyo kweekheramics zekhemikhali (ezifana neempompo ezixhathisa i-asidi), kodwa kufuneka ibe neempawu ezithile zomatshini ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zeshishini. Izixhobo zeSuperconducting kunzima ukwenza iingcingo kuba zinamafutha kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ayikwazi ukungena kwinqanaba lesicelo esisebenzayo. Ukushwankathela, nokuba i-ceramics yesakhiwo okanye i-ceramics esebenzayo, iipropathi zomatshini zizona zixhobo ezisisiseko ze-ceramics. Kuphela nje ukusetyenziswa okwahlukeneyo kuneemfuno ezahlukeneyo kwiipropati zoomatshini.

Esi sahluko sixoxa ubukhulu becala ngeeseramikhi zolwakhiwo.

Izinto eziluncedo zeekeramics

1. Iimpawu zokusebenza kwezinto ze-ceramic

Njengoko sonke sisazi, iibhondi zeekhemikhali zezinto zetsimbi (igolide esulungekileyo okanye i-alloys) zininzi zisinyithi. Zenziwe ngeeathom zentsimbi ezivumayo kunye namafu e-electron azalise. Iibhondi zentsimbi azikho umkhombandlela. Ngoko ke, isinyithi sineempawu ezintle zokuguqulwa kweplastiki. Ngokuphathelele i-ceramics engayihoyi i-non-metallic compounds, iipropati zabo zeekhemikhali ziphezulu kunezempilo kunye neebhondi ezidibeneyo. Le khemistry inolwalathiso oluqinileyo kunye namandla okubopha okuphezulu. Ke ngoko, kunzima ukuba izinto ze-ceramic zingene kwi-deformation yeplastiki. I-brittleness ephezulu kunye novakalelo oluqinileyo lwe-crack. Le yi-Achilles isithende sezinto ze-ceramic. Kodwa ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yolu hlobo lwebhondi yeekhemikhali ukuba i-ceramics yesakhiwo inoluhlu lweempawu ezikhethekileyo eziphezulu kwizinto zetsimbi.

① Ubulukhuni obuphezulu bumisela ukuxhathisa kwayo okugqwesileyo;

②Indawo yomlilo ephezulu. Izimisele ukuba inokumelana nobushushu obubalaseleyo;

③Uzinzo oluphezulu lwekhemikhali. Imisela ukuba inokumelana nokugqwala okulungileyo.

Nangona izinto ze-ceramic zineenzuzo ezintle kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, isiphene sayo esibulalayo-i-brittleness-inciphisa ukusebenza kwayo kunye nokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo. Ke ngoko, ukuqina kweeseramics kuye kwaba sisihloko esiphambili kuphando lwezixhobo zeseramic ezitsala umdla kwihlabathi liphela (jonga ukuqina kwecandelo leeseramics ngeenkcukacha).

2. Uthelekiso phakathi kweeseramikhi zale mihla (eziphambili) kunye neeseramiki zemveli

Iiseramics zanamhlanje xa zithelekiswa neeseramics zemveli. Kukho iiyantlukwano eziphawulekayo ekubunjweni kwezinto eziluhlaza, inkqubo yokulungiselela, ukwakhiwa kombutho kunye nokusebenza.

Umahluko phakathi kweeseramikhi zemveli kunye neeseramikhi zanamhlanje