Uphononongo olutsha lufumana uFakelo lweTitanium lwezoNyango lusebenza kakhulu
Inkqubo ye-titanium yoshicilelo lwe-3D
Xa kuthelekiswa nenkqubo yemveli, iingenelo 3D iteknoloji yoshicilelo ukuvelisa amanani yofakelo utyando lobuqu zibonakaliswa ikakhulu ku: 3D yoshicilelo free ukubumba iimpawu unokukhawuleza kwaye ngokuchanekileyo ulungise ukufakelwa kwangaphakathi, inokoyisa imilo yemveli yofakelo jikelele ayihambelani nomzimba womntu kunye neempawu zayo zobugcisa azikho kwiingxaki eziqhelekileyo; Ekwenziweni kwezakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo kunye nemveliso enzima-ukusetyenzwa, i-personalized micro-structures, ngakumbi i-porous ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo, ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana neempawu ezithile zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali, kodwa ziphucula ukuhambelana kwe-biohistocompatibility.
Olu luhlu lweenzuzo lunokoyisa ngempumelelo iingxaki eziqhelekileyo zokukhusela uxinzelelo kunye nomsebenzi ophantsi webhayoloji wofakelo. Okwangoku, ezona zinto zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo nezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi i-3D yoshicilelo lwe-titanium alloys bubuchwephesha be-SLM kunye nobuchwepheshe be-EBM.
I-Selective Laser Melting (SLM) isebenzisa i-laser njengomthombo wobushushu ukukhetha i-irradiate imathiriyeli yomgubo ebekwe ngaphambili ukufezekisa ukunyibilika ngokukhawuleza. Umgaqo oyintloko wokusebenza kukuba phantsi kwendawo yokukhusela igesi ye-inert, isixhobo kunye nezixhobo zilawula i-laser beam ngokwendlela yokuzalisa ukuskena eyenziwe yinkqubo yokuyila inkqubo yokukhetha kunye nokunyibilika koluhlu ngalunye lwepowder.
Emva koko iqonga lihanjiswa phantsi, umgubo uphinde ubekwe kwakhona kwaye i-sintering iphinda iphindwe kuze kube yilapho yonke imilo yenziwe. Ukukhuselwa kwegesi ye-inert kuthintela isinyithi ekuphenduleni kunye nezinye iigesi kumaqondo aphezulu. Itekhnoloji ye-SLM luhlu olubanzi kakhulu lwezinto zokwenza, ukugcinwa kwezinto kunye nokuphinda zisetyenziswe, akufuneki ukuyila nokulungiselela inkqubo yenkxaso enzima, olu luhlu lweenzuzo lwenza iteknoloji ye-SLM isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi.
Nangona kunjalo, i-SLM nayo inezithintelo ezithile: ngenxa yamandla e-laser alinganiselwe kunye ne-scan galvanometer deflection Angle, ubungakanani beengxenye ezilungiselelwe yi-SLM ziya kulinganiselwa; Iilaser zamandla aphezulu kunye nezixhobo eziphezulu ze-optical zixabisa ukuvelisa, oko kwandisa umthwalo wezoqoqosho ukuya kwinqanaba elithile. Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zomgubo kwi-teknoloji ye-SLM, umgangatho ophezulu weendawo ezibunjiweyo unokuba yingxaki, efuna ukuqhutyelwa kwesibini kwemveliso ukuba isetyenziswe kumsebenzi olandelayo; I-Spheroidization kunye neziphene zokulwa nazo zinokuthi zenzeke kwinkqubo yokucubungula, efuna inyathelo elongezelelweyo lokuphucula ngokungqongqo inkqubo yokunyibilika kwe-Electron beam, i-EBM yinkqubo esebenzisa i-electron beam njengomthombo wobushushu ukunyibilikisa i-metal powder layer ngumaleko kwindawo ye-vacuum yokuvelisa okongeziweyo.
Umgaqo wayo wokusebenza ngulo: umgubo oqatywe ngaphambili, ukuphambuka komqadi we-electron ephezulu-eneji emva kokugxila ekuveliseni amandla aphezulu kwindawo encinci yengingqi ukuskena umaleko womgubo ukuvelisa ubushushu obuphezulu kunye nokunyibilika, ngokusebenzisa umqadi we-electron oqhubekayo ukuskena ukuvelisa amandla phakathi kodibano lokunyibilika kwechibi kunye nokuqiniswa, okudityaniswe kumgca wentsimbi kunye nomgca weplani.
Emva kokugqiba umaleko wangoku, phinda umsebenzi wokubeka umgubo ukwenza ifom. Kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, i-EBM ithatha indawo yokwenyani yokunyibilika komoya ukuqinisekisa amandla aphezulu ezinto eziphathekayo kwaye igweme i-oxidation ye-alloy. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-SLM, iingenelo eziphambili ze-EBM zezi: ukuveliswa ngokufanelekileyo kwamandla e-electron beam kudla amandla amancinci, isantya sokuvelisa siphezulu, ukwenzela ukuba amandla okwenene apheleleyo omatshini wonke aphezulu; Ukuphambuka kwe-electron beam ayifuni ukuhambisa inxalenye yesixhobo, ephucula ngakumbi isantya sokuskena. Indawo elungileyo ye-thermal iqinisekisa uzinzo lwemilo yeengxenye eziprintiweyo ze-3D, iqinisekisa iipropathi zayo ze-static, ihlangabezana neemfuno zebhayoloji, kunye nomgubo wesinyithi unokuphinda usetyenziswe.
Ubume kunye nenkqubela phambili yofakelo lotyando oluprintiweyo lwe-3D
Ukufakelwa kotyando kunye ne-orthotics ngoshicilelo lwe-3D lunethemba elithembisayo lesicelo kwinkalo ye-osteology. Ngoku kukho angakumbi nangakumbiIzixhobo zokufakelwa eziprintiweyo ze-3Dezifana nokuva uGawulayo, amalungu angengowamvelo, izikhokelo zotyando lwamathambo, amalungu angengowamvelo, iindlebe zangaphandle ezenziweyo, izifakelo zamazinyo ezenzelwe wena kunye nezinye izicelo kunyango olulolwakho lwezonyango. Ngokweengxelo, ngo-2014, abaphandi beYunivesithi yasePeking bafake ngempumelelo inkwenkwe eneminyaka eyi-12 ubudala kunye ne-3D yobuqu eprintiweyo umqolo owenziweyo kunye nemingxuma emincinci, eyayiyimeko yokuqala emhlabeni. Kwangalo nyaka, oogqirha kunye noososayensi bafakela intombazana eneminyaka emi-5 ubudala eSkotlani ngentende yeprosthetic eprintiweyo ye-3D.
Iziko eliKhethekileyo leStomatology leSibhedlele sama-411 sePeople's Liberation Army lisebenzise ngempumelelo itekhnoloji ye-EBM ukwenza isiko kunye nokufakelwa kwe-mandibular titanium alloy implant kunye nokulinganisa okwenziwe kakhulu komntu kwi-anatomy kwisigulane esine-hemimaxillary resection. Ngethuba lokusebenza, ukuchithwa kwe-mandible enesifo kunye nokulungiswa komsebenzi ngamnye kwagqitywa ngexesha elinye, kwaye i-mandible enesiphene yalungiswa kwaye yakhiwa ngokutsha. Umphumo wasemva kokuhlinzwa wawusanelisayo. U-Lethaus B kunye nabanye abaphandi basebenzisa iteknoloji yokushicilela i-3D ukuvuselela amathambo kunye ne-microvascular flaps kwizigulane ze-20 ezine-mandibular resection, eyanciphisa ixesha lokusebenza kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wokusebenza, kwaye umphumo we-postoperative wawulungile. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iindaba ezifanayo kunye nophando luye lwavela kwi-stream engapheliyo, ebonisa ngokupheleleyo amathuba okusebenza kakuhle kwe-3D yoshicilelo kwicandelo lezonyango.
Kwicala leemveliso ze-orthopedic, i-3D eprintiweyo imathiriyeli yofakelo yotyando nayo ihamba ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya kwintengiso kunye nokuthengisa. Ngo-2007, i-bioprinted ye-3D eprintwe iikomityi ze-acetabulum ezine-scaffolders zethishu eqinile eziphuhliswe yinkampani yase-Italiya i-Adler Ortho kunye ne-LIma-LTO yaphumelela isiqinisekiso se-CE. Imveliso ye-Exactech yamkelwa yi-FDA ngo-2010. Ngo-2009, isixhobo esidibanisa umzimba wonke we-titanium esiveliswe yinkampani yaseMelika ye-AMT sisebenzisa ushicilelo lwe-3D saphumelela isiqinisekiso se-EU CE. Ngo-2013, imveliso yokuqala yokufakelwa kukakhakhayi eprintiweyo e-United States yamkelwa yi-FDA, ekwayi-3D yokuqala yehlabathi eprintiweyo yofakelo lukakhakhayi lwe-PEEK.
Ngesi siseko, kwi-2014, i-United States Oxford Inkampani ifumene imvume ye-FDA ye-3D yokushicilela iimveliso ze-maxillofacial bone (imo ye-5IOK). Ukongeza, kuxelwa ukuba ngoSeptemba 2015, i-3D eprintiweyo implanti yomntu - i-hip joint joint ephuhliswe yiSibhedlele seThathu saseBeijing Medicine kunye neBeijing Aikang Yicheng Medical Equipment Co., LTD., Ibhaliswe yi-State Food and Drug Administration. I-3D eprintiweyo ye-hip joint ingene "kwinqanaba lokuvelisa ubuninzi", oku kuthetha ukuba i-China ye-3D implants yokushicilela nayo iye yangena kwinqanaba lokuvelisa.
Itekhnoloji yoshicilelo ye-3D ibonise indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwisayensi yezonyango kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, kunye nophando kunye nokusetyenziswa kweprostheses yokufakelwa komntu, amalungu okufakelwa, ukufakelwa kwamazinyo kunye neminye imiba nayo ibanzi ngakumbi. Ke, uvandlakanyo lwe-biosafety lofakelo olulungiswe yile nkqubo intsha lufuna ukuqwalaselwa ngakumbi nangakumbi.
Uphando kwi-biosafety ye-3D yoshicilelo lwe-titanium
Ukhuseleko lwezixhobo ze-biomedical lubonakaliswa ikakhulu ekusebenzisaneni phakathi kwezicubu kunye nezixhobo. Ukuze izinto zetsimbi ze-biomedical zihlangabezane nemigangatho yezixhobo ezifakelweyo, kufuneka kufuneke ukuba ukusabela okubangelwa ukufakwa emzimbeni womntu kwinqanaba elamkelekileyo, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, akunakubangela utshintsho olusemgangathweni kwisakhiwo kunye neempawu zezinto eziphathekayo. Unxibelelwano phakathi komzimba womntu kunye nomzimba womntu lubonakaliswa ikakhulu kwi-biocompatibility kunye nomsebenzi webhayoloji.
Ke ngoko, emva kokufakelwa emzimbeni womntu, ukufakelwa akufuneki kubangele ukusabela okungalunganga okunje ngokwaliwa, ukudumba kunye nekhemikhali kwiiseli zomntu, igazi kunye namalungu, okanye ukwaliwa kwemizimba yangaphandle yabantu. Kwangaxeshanye, kukwafuneka ukuba ukufakelwa okufunekayo ukuba kufakwe ixesha elide kufuneka kube neempawu ezilungileyo ze-static mechanical, oko kukuthi, amandla aneleyo, imodyuli efanelekileyo ye-elastic, ukuzinza okuphezulu, ukuxhathisa okulungileyo kokubola kunye nokuqina okuhlala ixesha elide. Ngoku ukufakelwa kotyando lwe-titanium alloy lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuqheliselo lwezonyango, kwaye uphando lwe-biocompatibility nalo luvuthiwe. Ke ngoko, ukhuseleko lweengxenye ze-titanium alloy ezinxulumene noshicilelo lwe-3D lujolise ikakhulu kukhuseleko lomsebenzi wayo we-biomechanical.
Uphando malunga nokuba i-3D eprintiweyo yokufakelwa kwesinyithi ithelekiseka kwiimveliso zokufakelwa ngokubanzi zenkqubo yemveli ngokweempawu zoomatshini, ukuxhathisa umhlwa kunye ne-biocompatibility, kunye nokuba ezinye zeempawu ze-static zokufakelwa kwe-alloy zinokuhlangabezana nesicelo seklinikhi kunye nemigangatho yesizwe isaqhubeka. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba iipropathi ezingatshintshiyo ze-static ze-3D eziprintiweyo zokufakelwa kwe-titanium zinokuhlangabezana neemfuno zeklinikhi. Iisampulu ze-Ti6A14V ezilungiswe ngobuchule be-EBM zavavanywa ngovavanyo oluthe ngqo lwe-tensile kunye novavanyo olushushu lwe-isostatic. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba amandla eesampuli ze-TI6A14V agqithise umgangatho wokwenza.
Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-corrosion ye-alloy ye-Co-Cr-Mo elungiselelwe yi-teknoloji ye-SLM ifana ne-alloy elungiselelwe yinkqubo yendabuko, kwaye isixa sokutshatyalaliswa kwe-ion kwindawo yokulinganisa i-salivary ingaphantsi kokushicilela kwe-3D kunendlela ye-alloy yenkqubo yendabuko. Imveliso ye-Ti6A14V elungiselelwe yitekhnoloji ye-DMLS yafunyanwa yinkampani ye-EOS ukuba ibe neempawu ezifanayo zoomatshini kunye nokumelana nokudinwa njengesiqhelo sokwenza ngokucokisekileyo emva kokulungiswa. Isixhobo sokudibanisa i-titanium alloy vertebrae fusion esinebhobhobhosi esilungiswe yi-EBM sahlohlwa kumzimba webhokhwe kwaye safumana iziphumo ezilungileyo kumzekelo wokudityaniswa komlomo wesibeleko wegusha. I-bone-material interface yayingcono kune-PEEK fusion device.
Ngokweklinikhi, i-elastic modulus kunye nezinye iipropathi zomatshini ze-titanium alloy azihambelani neempawu zethambo lomntu, eziya kukhokelela kwinto "yokukhusela uxinzelelo" kwi-peripheral bone tissue of implant kwaye ibangele i-osteoporosis, okubangelwa ukufunxa kwamathambo, ukukhulula kunye nokulahlekelwa kokufakelwa kunye nokusilela. Ukuze kuncitshiswe le ngxaki ngokufakelwa kwe-titanium, i-porous structure implants iye yangena emehlweni abaphandi. Ngoku, izifundo zibonise ukuba ushicilelo lwe-3D lunokulungelelanisa i-microstructure ye-implants ngokuchaneka okuphezulu ukutshintsha imodyuli e-elastic kunye neempawu zomatshini, ukuze zihambelane nezicubu zethambo lomntu kunye nokuphucula ngakumbi imisebenzi ye-biomechanical kwisiseko sokuqinisekisa umthwalo ofanelekileyo womzimba.
Isakhiwo esilawulwayo somzimba we-Ti6AI4V senziwa yi-EBM yokwenza iteknoloji, kwaye isakhiwo se-void yangaphakathi sifunyenwe sihambelana noyilo lwethiyori phantsi kwe-microscopy ye-electron yokuskena, ephumelele ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwe-EBM kwisakhiwo seemveliso eziprintiweyo ze-3D. Ngovavanyo lokusebenza koomatshini, amandla ahambelanayo acinezelayo yi-163MPa kunye ne-elastic modulus yi-14MPa kwi-60.1% pore porosity, ekufutshane nethambo lomntu. Inkcubeko yeeseli ze-in vitro nayo yabonisa ukuhambelana kakuhle kweeseli.
I-scaffolds ene-porous yalungiswa yitekhnoloji ye-EBM ngokulungiswa kweeparamitha zoyilo, kunye neempawu zabo zomatshini zavavanywa. Kwafunyaniswa ukuba i-biomechanics yezinto ezibunjiweyo eziyilwe zinezinga eliphezulu lokugqwesa ukulinganisa ukuhambelana kwesigaba kunye nokufakelwa kokufakelwa. Iintlobo ezintathu ze-titanium ene-porous ene-300gm, i-600gm kunye ne-900 ~ tm elungiselelwe yi-SLM yafakwa kwi-rabbit tibia ukuphanda umphumo we-pore ratio ekukhuleni kwamathambo. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba izicubu zethambo ezine-600 ~ m isakhiwo se-porous sasinobude obungcono kunye ne-biocompatibility.
Ngokombono wokukhula kwamathambo, i-scaffold ene-porosity eguquguqukayo kunye ne-aperture iya kuba luncedo ngakumbi ekugqithiseni nasekugqithiseni izondlo emzimbeni womntu, kwaye inokukhuthaza amandla okukhula kwamathambo, ukwandisa indibaniselwano yokufakelwa kunye neebhedi zamathambo, kunye nokwandisa ubomi benkonzo yeprosthesis, ukuze ufumane iziphumo ezingcono zonyango kunesakhiwo esiqinileyo se-titanium alloy. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-multi-hole titanium alloy inyathelo ngenyathelo ithathwa njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yokulungisa izihlunu ezintsha zeklinikhi kunye nezixhobo zokutshintsha, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-3D eprintiweyo yokufakelwa kwe-titanium alloy enezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo ezincinci okanye ngezakhiwo kuye kwavula indawo entsha.